Timeline: Christina Liudolfing: Our Family History

	Date	Event(s)
1	1499	16 Nov 1499—16 Nov 1499: Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne, executed
2	1503	1503—1503: Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa (-1505) 28 May 1503—28 May 1503: Marriage of King James IV of Scots and Margaret Tudor
3	1505	1505—1505: Royal College of Surgeons founded in Edinburgh
4	1506	22 Jan 1506—22 Jan 1506: First contingent of 150 Swiss Guards arrives at the Vatican
5	1507	1507—1507: First printing press in Scotland set up in Edinburgh by Andrew Myllar Apr 1507—Apr 1507: Suggestion put forward that the New World be named America in honour of Amerigo Vespucci (on Martin Waldseem?ller's world map)
6	1509	1509—1509: Naturalisation papers start in England 22 Apr 1509—22 Apr 1509: Henry VIII becomes king of England (to 1547) at 17 years old 11 Jun 1509—11 Jun 1509: Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon
7	1512	1512—1512: The Auld Alliance' treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became French and vice versa 1512—1512: Admiralty founded in London Nov 1512—Nov 1512: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, exhibited to the public for the first time
8	1513	16 Aug 1513—16 Aug 1513: Battle of the Spurs - English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French force at Guinegate 9 Sep 1513—9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of Scottish Army - death of King James IV of Scots
9	1514	1514—1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland
10	1515	15 Nov 1515—15 Nov 1515: Thomas Wolsley invested as Cardinal
11	1516	1516—1516: Thomas More writes Utopia'
12	1517	31 Oct 1517—31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg - regarded as start of the Reformation
13	1518	1518—1518: Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between the major European nations: France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands - sponsored by Cardinal Wolsey
14	1520	Nov 1520—Nov 1520: Three ships under the command of Ferdinand Magellan negotiate the Strait of Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
15	1521	17 Apr 1521—17 Apr 1521: Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings 17 May 1521—17 May 1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for treason 25 May 1521—25 May 1521: Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw
16	1522	6 Sep 1522—6 Sep 1522: The Victoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, becomes the first ship known to circumnavigate the world
17	1525	1525—1525: New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale
18	1527	1527—1527: Bishop Vesey's Grammar School founded in Sutton Coldfield
19	1528	1528—1528: St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed
20	1531	11 Feb 1531—11 Feb 1531: Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church of England
21	1532	1532—1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland
22	1533	25 Jan 1533—25 Jan 1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn secretly, wife #2 (she was crowned as Queen on 1st June) 30 Mar 1533—30 Mar 1533: Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 23 May 1533—23 May 1533: Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled 11 Jul 1533—11 Jul 1533: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII 17 Sep 1533—17 Sep 1533: Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter Elizabeth, to become Queen Elizabeth I
23	1534	1534—1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England church (Henry VIII)
24	1535	1535—1535: Sir Thomas More executed
25	1536	1536—1536: Wales and England legally united by the Laws in Wales Act of 1535 1536—1536: Dissolution of monasteries starts in England (to 1540) 19 May 1536—19 May 1536: Anne Boleyn executed 30 May 1536—30 May 1536: Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, wife #3 (she was crowned as Queen on 29th October) 18 Jul 1536—18 Jul 1536: The authority of the Pope is declared void in England
26	1537	24 Oct 1537—24 Oct 1537: Jane Seymour dies from complications in giving birth to a son, the future Edward VI
27	1538	1538—1538: Henry VIII issues English Bible 1538—1538: English and Welsh parish registers start 17 Dec 1538—17 Dec 1538: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Paul III
28	1540	1540—1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed 6 Jan 1540—6 Jan 1540: Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, the 'Flanders Mare', wife #4 9 Feb 1540—9 Feb 1540: First recorded horse racing event in Britain, at Chester 9 Jul 1540—9 Jul 1540: Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves 28 Jul 1540—28 Jul 1540: Thomas Cromwell executed; Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard the same day, wife #5
29	1541	1541—1541: Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland
30	1542	13 Feb 1542—13 Feb 1542: Catherine Howard executed 14 Dec 1542—14 Dec 1542: Death of King James V of Scots; his baby daughter Mary ?Queen of Scots' succeeds him just 6 days old
31	1543	12 Jul 1543—12 Jul 1543: Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, wife #6, who survives him 9 Sep 1543—9 Sep 1543: Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned Queen of Scots' in Stirling (spelling of the royal house changes from Stewart to Stuart)
32	1544	1544—1544: Henry's VIII's Rough Wooing' of the Scottish Borders 1544—1544: Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland
33	1545	20 Jul 1545—20 Jul 1545: Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII, sinks in the Solent - raised in 1982
34	1546	1546—1546: Trinity College, Cambridge founded by Henry VIII
35	1547	1547—1547: Ivan the Terrible takes title 'Tsar of all the Russias' 1547—1547: Vagrants Act passed (able-bodied tramps can be detained as slaves) 1547—1547: English replaced Latin in church services in England and Wales 28 Jan 1547—28 Jan 1547: Death of Henry VIII (succeeded by Edward VI, aged 9, to 1553) 20 Feb 1547—20 Feb 1547: Coronation of Edward VI in Westminster Abbey 10 Sep 1547—10 Sep 1547: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, said to be the first 'modern' battle to be fought in the British Isles
36	1548	1548—1548: Priests in England allowed to marry (about a third then did so) - but see 1554
37	1549	1549—1549: English Parliament declares enclosures legal 1549—1549: First Act of Uniformity in England made Catholic Mass illegal 1549—1549: Wedding ring finger changed from right to left hand 9 Jun 1549—9 Jun 1549: First Book of Common Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament
38	1550	1550—1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refugees from the Low Countries
39	1551	1551—1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage
40	1552	Mar 1552—Mar 1552: An 'Act of Uniformity' imposes the Protestant prayerbook of 1552 in England
41	1553	6 Jul 1553—6 Jul 1553: Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey queen for a few days only 19 Jul 1553—19 Jul 1553: Mary Tudor ('Bloody Mary') comes to the throne
42	1554	1554—1554: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor - married priests forced to separate at least 30 miles from their wives 12 Feb 1554—12 Feb 1554: Lady Jane Grey beheaded
43	1556	21 Mar 1556—21 Mar 1556: Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford
44	1558	1558—1558: System of Counties adopted 1558—1558: Scottish parish registers start 7 Jan 1558—7 Jan 1558: French take Calais, last English possession in France 24 Apr 1558—24 Apr 1558: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Fran?ois the Dauphin of France in Paris 17 Nov 1558—17 Nov 1558: Queen Mary Tudor of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth - Protestantism restored in England
45	1559	1559—1559: Tobacco introduced to Europe 1559—1559: John Knox returns from Continent - strengthens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland 15 Jan 1559—15 Jan 1559: Elizabeth crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, the Bishop of Carlisle 29 Apr 1559—29 Apr 1559: Acts of Supremacy passed in Parliament, ending papal jurisdiction over England & Wales; established Church of England
46	1560	1560—1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland - commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost 27 Feb 1560—27 Feb 1560: Treaty of Berwick between Duc du Chatelherault (as governor of Scotland) and the English, agreeing to act jointly to expel the French from Scotland
47	1561	1561—1561: Spire of St Paul's, highest in England, destroyed by fire 1561—1561: The first coins produced by machinery (known as a 'mill') rather than by hand, but it was a slow process and did not replace hand struck coinage until new machinery was introduced in 1663
48	1562	1562—1562: Earliest English slave-trading expedition, under John Hawkins - between Guinea and the West Indies
49	1563	28 Jul 1563—28 Jul 1563: The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege
50	1564	26 Apr 1564—26 Apr 1564: Shakespeare baptised - he is said to have been born on Apr 23, St George's Day; he certainly died on Apr 23, 1616
51	1565	29 Jul 1565—29 Jul 1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin
52	1566	9 Mar 1566—9 Mar 1566: Murder of David Riccio (or Rizzio) in Holyrood House
53	1567	10 Feb 1567—10 Feb 1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion 15 May 1567—15 May 1567: Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell 24 Jul 1567—24 Jul 1567: Mary Queen of Scots deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI
54	1568	13 May 1568—13 May 1568: Battle of Langside - Mary's flight to England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I
55	1569	1569—1569: Elizabeth I approved Sunday sports
56	1570	25 Feb 1570—25 Feb 1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' to excommunicate Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of England
57	1571	1571—1571: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright 1571—1571: Repeal of Act prohibiting lending of money on interest - gradual change from 'subsistence economy' to 'cash economy' resulted 1571—1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England 23 Jan 1571—23 Jan 1571: Opening of the Royal Exchange in London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham - this building destroyed in Great Fire of London 1666
58	1577	1577—1577: James Burbage opens first theatre in London
59	1579	1579—1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced
60	1580	1580—1580: Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time 1580—1580: Colonisation of Ireland 6 Apr 1580—6 Apr 1580: Dover Straits earthquake, largest in the recorded history of England, mentioned by Shakespeare - dozens of ships sunk and a tsunami hit Calais
61	1581	1581—1581: English Levant Company founded 16 Jan 1581—16 Jan 1581: English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism 4 Apr 1581—4 Apr 1581: Francis Drake knighted by Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind after circumnavigating the world
62	1583	1583—1583: University of Edinburgh founded 1583—1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas Aug 1583—Aug 1583: Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempts to establish English authority at St John's, Newfoundland
63	1584	4 Jun 1584—4 Jun 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island, Virginia (now in North Carolina) - the so-called 'Lost Colony'
64	1585	1585—1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press
65	1587	1587—1587: Introduction of potatoes to England 8 Feb 1587—8 Feb 1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle, near Peterborough 19 Apr 1587—19 Apr 1587: Sir Francis Drake sinks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour 11 Aug 1587—11 Aug 1587: Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents was Virginia Dare (Aug 18)
66	1588	1588—1588: Invention of shorthand by Dr Timothy Bright 19 Jul 1588—19 Jul 1588: Spanish Armada sighted off the Lizard (had set sail from Lisbon in late May) 29 Jul 1588—29 Jul 1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada off Gravelines
67	1591	1591—1591: Trinity College, Dublin, founded
68	1592	1592—1592: A Congregational (or Independent) Church formed in London 1592—1592: Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all ministers equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown
69	1593	1593—1593: British statute mile established by law
70	1594	1594—1594: Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads Irish rebellion against English rule (-1603)
71	1597	1597—1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed
72	1598	1598—1598: Bishop's transcripts of English and Welsh parish registers start - parish records were to be kept in 'great decent books of parchment' and copies or 'Bishop's Transcripts' of new entries were to be sent each month to the diocesan centre
73	1600	1 Jan 1600—1 Jan 1600: Scotland adopts New Year beginning 1st January (previously 25th March) 31 Dec 1600—31 Dec 1600: British East India Company founded
74	1601	1601—1601: Great English Poor Law Act passed 1601—1601: First use of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster
75	1602	20 Mar 1602—20 Mar 1602: Dutch East India Company founded 8 Nov 1602—8 Nov 1602: Bodleian Library at Oxford University opened to the public
76	1603	24 Mar 1603—24 Mar 1603: Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns - under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625) 25 Jul 1603—25 Jul 1603: Coronation - James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain
77	1604	1 Nov 1604—1 Nov 1604: Shakespeare: Othello' first presented
78	1605	5 Nov 1605—5 Nov 1605: Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes, etc)
79	1606	1606—1606: The London Company chartered to colonise Virginia: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery leave England on 19th De c taking 144 days to reach America 1606—1606: Episcopacy established in Scotland (against wishes of the Scots) 31 Jan 1606—31 Jan 1606: Guy Fawkes and co-conspirators executed 12 Mar 1606—12 Mar 1606: Adoption of Union Flag as the flag of Great Britain' (the term Union Jack is used officially only when the Union Flag is flown from the Jack Mast of a Royal Naval vessel)
80	1607	14 May 1607—14 May 1607: Jamestown, Virginia settled - to become the first permanent British colony in North America
81	1608	1608—1608: First use of telescope by Galileo - he observed the moons of Jupiter two years later in Jan 1610
82	1610	1610—1610: James VI & I established the Episcopal Church in Scotland - Prebyterians persecuted and many of their records lost
83	1611	1611—1611: Authorised (King James) Version of Bible in Britain 22 May 1611—22 May 1611: James VI & I created the title of baronet
84	1613	1613—1613: A copper farthing was produced, as a silver coin would be too small 29 Jun 1613—29 Jun 1613: The Globe Theatre in London burns during a performance of Henry the Eighth (finally pulled down in 1644)
85	1616	23 Apr 1616—23 Apr 1616: Tuesday Apr 23 (Julian calendar): Death of Shakespeare
86	1618	1618—1618: Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I
87	1619	4 Dec 1619—4 Dec 1619: (Nov 24 old style): Colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by many to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas)
88	1620	1620—1620: Manufacture of coke (the fuel, not the drink!) patented by Dud Dudley 21 Dec 1620—21 Dec 1620: (Dec 16 old style): The Mayflower reaches America - founds Plymouth, New England (had initially set sail from Southampton on Aug 5)
89	1621	1621—1621: Chimneys to be made of brick and to be four and a half feet above the roof
90	1622	1622—1622: First English newspaper appeared - Weekly News'
91	1624	1624—1624: Monopoly Act in England: patents protected 1624—1624: Edmund Gunter introduces the surveyor's chain (measurement of length)
92	1625	1625—1625: The size of bricks standardised in England around this time 27 Mar 1625—27 Mar 1625: Death of King James VI & I
93	1628	1 Mar 1628—1 Mar 1628: Writs issued by Charles I that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date
94	1629	10 Mar 1629—10 Mar 1629: Parliament dissolved by King Charles I - did not meet for another 11 yea
95	1633	Jun 1633—Jun 1633: Galileo summoned by Inquisition for publishing in favour of Copernican theory
96	1635	1635—1635: Letter Office of England & Scotland started 1635—1635: Flintlock small arms invented around this time (replaces matchlock)
97	1636	1636—1636: Hackney Carriages in use by now in London
98	1638	1638—1638: King Charles regarded protests against the prayerbook as treason - forced Scots to choose between their church and the King - a ?Covenant' swearing to resist these changes to the Death was signed in Greyfriars Church Edinburgh and was accepted by hundreds of thousands of Scots (revival of Presbyterian Church)
99	1639	1639—1639: Act of Toleration in England established religious toleration
100	1640	3 Nov 1640—3 Nov 1640: Charles I forced to recall Parliament (the 'Long Parliament') due to Scottish invasion
101	1641	1641—1641: Charles I's policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England 1641—1641: Charles I and the English Parliament acknowledge the Prebyterian Church in Scotland 23 Oct 1641—23 Oct 1641: 50,000 Irish killed in an uprising in Ulster
102	1642	1642—1642: The Civil War interrupted the keeping of parish registers 1642—1642: English theatres closed by Puritans (till 1660) 22 Aug 1642—22 Aug 1642: Charles I raises his standard at Nottingham - First Civil War in England (to 1649) 13 Nov 1642—13 Nov 1642: Battle of Turnham Green - Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London 24 Nov 1642—24 Nov 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman discovers Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) 18 Dec 1642—18 Dec 1642: Abel Janszoon Tasman first European to set foot in New Zealand
103	1643	13 Dec 1643—13 Dec 1643: Battle of Alton - victory for Parliamentarians - Sir Richard Bolle killed in St Lawrence's church
104	1644	29 Jun 1644—29 Jun 1644: Battle of Cropredy Bridge - Royalists beat the Parliamentarian forces 2 Jul 1644—2 Jul 1644: Battle of Marston Moor, near York - Parliamentarian forces beat the Royalists
105	1645	1645—1645: Battle of Philiphaugh in Scotland 1645—1645: Scotland: Each county and burgh ordered to raise and maintain a number of foot soldiers, according to population, to serve as militia - population of Scotland estimated at 420,000 1645—1645: Plague made its last appearance in Scotland 14 Jun 1645—14 Jun 1645: Battle of Naseby: Parliament's New Model Army crushes the Royalist forces
106	1646	5 May 1646—5 May 1646: Charles I surrenders to the Scottish Army at Newark 20 Jun 1646—20 Jun 1646: Royalists sign articles of surrender at Oxford
107	1648	1648—1648: Society of Friends (Quakers) founded by George Fox 1648—1648: First practical thermometers made
108	1649	1649—1649: Cromwell's Irish campaign starts 1649—1649: King Charles II proclaimed King of Scots and England in Scotland 6 Jan 1649—6 Jan 1649: 'Rump' Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial 30 Jan 1649—30 Jan 1649: King Charles I executed 19 May 1649—19 May 1649: Commonwealth declared 20 Dec 1649—20 Dec 1649: Theatres banned by Cromwell 20 Dec 1649—20 Dec 1649: Christmas banned by Cromwell
109	1650	1650—1650: Coffee brought to England about this time
110	1651	1651—1651: The second English Civil War (1651-1652) 1651—1651: Scottish prisoners transported to the British settlements in America 3 Sep 1651—3 Sep 1651: Battle of Worcester
111	1653	1653—1653: Commonwealth registers start 1653—1653: Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land 1653—1653: Provincial probate courts abolished - probates granted only in London 20 Apr 1653—20 Apr 1653: Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament 16 Dec 1653—16 Dec 1653: Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
112	1657	1657—1657: Post Office established by Act of Parliament [others say 1660] 1657—1657: A few Jews permitted to settle in England
113	1658	1658—1658: Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) Lord Protector (-1660) 3 Sep 1658—3 Sep 1658: Death of Oliver Cromwell
114	1659	1659—1659: Start of national meteorological Temperature records in the UK 6 Feb 1659—6 Feb 1659: Date of first known bank cheque to be drawn
115	1660	1660—1660: Commonwealth registers ended, Parish Registers resumed 1660—1660: Provincial Probate Courts re-established 1660—1660: Clarendon code restricts Puritans' religious freedom 1660—1660: Composition of light discovered by Newton 1660—1660: Honourable East India Company founded by British 1 Jan 1660—1 Jan 1660: Samuel Pepys starts his diary 29 May 1660—29 May 1660: Restoration of British monarchy (Charles II) - 'Oak Apple Day' - theatres reopened 17 Oct 1660—17 Oct 1660: Ten Regicides are executed at Charing Cross or Tyburn 28 Nov 1660—28 Nov 1660: Twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society 8 Dec 1660—8 Dec 1660: First actress plays in London (Margaret Hughes as Desdemona)
116	1661	1661—1661: Restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland 1661—1661: Board of Trade founded in London 1661—1661: Hand-struck postage stamps first used 1661—1661: Corporation Act prevents non-Anglicans from holding municipal office 30 Jan 1661—30 Jan 1661: Oliver Cromwell formally 'executed', having been dead for over two years!
117	1662	1662—1662: 'Hearth Tax' introduced - until 1689 (1690 in Scotland) 1662—1662: Poor Relief Act or Act of Settlement' - gave JPs the power to return any wandering poor to the parish of origin (repealed 1834) 1662—1662: Tea introduced to Britain 24 Aug 1662—24 Aug 1662: Act of Uniformity - Acceptance of Book of Common Prayer required - About 2,000 vicars and rectors driven from their parishes as nonconformists (Presbyterians and Independents) - Persecution of all non-conformists - Presbyterianism dis-established - Episcopalian Church of England restored
118	1664	29 May 1664—29 May 1664: Oak Apple Day - the birthday of Charles II and the day when he entered London at the Restoration; commanded by Act of Parliament in 1664 to be observed as a day of thanksgiving. A special service (expunged in 1859) was inserted in the Book of Common Prayer and people wore sprigs of oak with gilded oak-apples on that day. 27 Aug 1664—27 Aug 1664: Nieuw Amsterdam becomes New York as 300 English soldiers under Col. Mathias Nicolls take the town from the Dutch under orders from Charles II. The town is renamed after the King's brother James, Duke of York
119	1665	1665—1665: Great Plague of London (July-October) kills over 60,000 1665—1665: Five-mile Act restricts non-conformist ministers in Britain 7 Nov 1665—7 Nov 1665: The ?London Gazette' first published - one of the official journals of record of the United Kingdom government and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the United Kingdom
120	1666	1666—1666: Use of semaphore signalling pioneered by Lord Worcester 1666—1666: Newton formulated Laws of Gravity 2 Sep 1666—2 Sep 1666: Great Fire of London, after a drought beginning 27 June (2-6 Sep)
121	1668	1668—1668: British East India Company obtains control of Bombay 1668—1668: Newton constructs reflecting telescope
122	1669	31 May 1669—31 May 1669: Last entry in Pepys's diary
123	1670	26 May 1670—26 May 1670: King Charles II and King Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover
124	1671	9 May 1671—9 May 1671: Thomas Blood caught stealing the Crown Jewels
125	1672	1672—1672: High Court of Justiciary established in Scotland 1672—1672: War with Holland (to 1674) - British Army increased to 10,000 men
126	1673	1673—1673: First Test Act deprives British Catholics and Non-conformists of Public Office
127	1674	10 Nov 1674—10 Nov 1674: Treaty of Westminster - Netherlands cedes New Netherlands (on the eastern coast of North America) to Britain
128	1675	1675—1675: Beginning of Whig party under Shaftsbury 1675—1675: Rebuilding of St Paul's started by Wren (completed 1710) 4 Mar 1675—4 Mar 1675: John Flamsteed appointed first Astronomer Royal of England 10 Aug 1675—10 Aug 1675: Building of Royal Greenwich Observatory started
129	1676	1676—1676: Compton Census, named after its initiator Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was intended to discover the number of Anglican conformists, Roman Catholic recusants and Protestant dissenters in England and Wales from enquiries made in individual parishes
130	1677	1677—1677: Lee's Collection of Names of Merchants in London' published
131	1678	1678—1678: Extension of Test Act to peers
132	1679	1679—1679: Tories first so named 27 May 1679—27 May 1679: Habeas Corpus Act becomes law in England - (later repealed from time to time)
133	1680	1680—1680: William Dockwra(y) begins his London Penny Post 1680—1680: Dodo becomes extinct in Mauritius through over-hunting
134	1681	1681—1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament 1681—1681: Oil lighting first used in London streets
135	1682	1682—1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn 1682—1682: Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh - later National Library of Scotland 1682—1682: Halley observes the comet which bears his name
136	1683	1683—1683: Wild boar become extinct in Britain 6 Jun 1683—6 Jun 1683: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford - first museum in Britain
137	1685	1685—1685: James the Second (1685-1689, died 1701) - Monmouth rebellion and battle of Sedgemoor - British Army raised to 20,000 men 1685—1685: Earl of Argyll's Invasion of Scotland 1685—1685: Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes - 320 executed, 800 transported
138	1686	1686—1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs
139	1687	4 Apr 1687—4 Apr 1687: James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists 5 Jul 1687—5 Jul 1687: Newton published his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' - written in Latin
140	1688	1688—1688: British Army raised to 40,000 1688—1688: Bill of Rights limits the powers of the monarchy over parliament 1688—1688: Hearth Tax abolished 1688—1688: Mutiny Act Feb 1688—Feb 1688: Edward Lloyd's Coffee House opens - later became Lloyd's of London Nov 1688—Nov 1688: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates 5 Nov 1688—5 Nov 1688: William of Orange lands at Torbay Dec 1688—Dec 1688: Siege of Londonderry (began Dec 1688; ended 28 Jul 1689)
141	1689	1689—1689: Devonport naval dockyard established 13 Feb 1689—13 Feb 1689: William III and Mary II, daughter of James II, jointly take the throne (only William, however, has regal power) 12 Mar 1689—12 Mar 1689: Deposed James VII & II flees to Ireland - defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1 Jul 1690) 24 May 1689—24 May 1689: Toleration Act passed for Protestant non-conformists 27 Jul 1689—27 Jul 1689: Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland - Jacobites defeated Government troops but at high cost 16 Dec 1689—16 Dec 1689: Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, ending King's divine right to raise taxes or wage war
142	1690	20 May 1690—20 May 1690: England passes Act of Grace, forgiving Roman Catholic followers of James II
143	1692	1692—1692: Land Tax introduced - originally designed as an annual tax on personal estate, public offices and land. For practical purposes, however, assessors tended to avoid assessing items of wealth other than landed property so that it became known as the Land Tax. 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to nothing 13 Feb 1692—13 Feb 1692: The massacre of Glencoe - Clan Campbell sides with King William and murders members of Clan McDonald
144	1693	4 Aug 1693—4 Aug 1693: Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Pierre P?rignon 's invention of Champagne
145	1694	1694—1694: National Debt came into effect in England 1694—1694: Stamp Duties introduced into Britain from Holland 1694—1694: Mary II death leaves William III as sole ruler 1694—1694: Triennial Act, new Parliamentary elections every three years 1694—1694: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane (-1699) 27 Jul 1694—27 Jul 1694: Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot)
146	1695	1695—1695: Freedom of Press in England granted 1695—1695: Bank of Scotland founded 1695—1695: Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed 1706) 1695—1695: Start of Dissenters' lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish church - some were named 'Papist' and others 'Protestants'
147	1697	2 Dec 1697—2 Dec 1697: Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral
148	1698	1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Capt Thomas Savery 1698—1698: Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama 1698—1698: Duties (taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 4 Jan 1698—4 Jan 1698: Most of the Palace of Whitehall in London destroyed by fire 14 Nov 1698—14 Nov 1698: Eddystone Lighthouse (Henry Winstanley's) first lit; completed 10 days earlier
149	1700	1700—1700: Population in England and Scotland approx 7.5 million
150	1701	1701—1701: Act of Settlement bars Catholics from the British throne 23 May 1701—23 May 1701: After being convicted of piracy and murdering William Moore, Captain William Kidd hanged in London
151	1702	8 Mar 1702—8 Mar 1702: Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11 Mar 1702—11 Mar 1702: First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735)
152	1703	4 Aug 1703—4 Aug 1703: British take Gibraltar 24 Nov 1703—24 Nov 1703: Climate: Most violent storms of the millennium cause vast damage across southern England - about a third of Britain's merchant fleet lost, and Eddystone lighthouse destroyed on 27 November (Nov 24 - Dec 2)
153	1704	1704—1704: Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 13 Aug 1704—13 Aug 1704: Battle of Blenheim
154	1705	1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newcomen (some say c1710 or 1711) 1705—1705: Isaac Newton knighted (for his work at the Royal Mint)
155	1706	1706—1706: First evening newspaper The Evening Post' issued in London
156	1707	16 Jan 1707—16 Jan 1707: Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading privileges - Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March 1 May 1707—1 May 1707: English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - The Kingdom of Great Britain established - largest free-trade area in Europe at the time
157	1708	1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland 1708—1708: Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls
158	1709	1709—1709: Second Eddystone lighthouse completed 1709—1709: First Copyright Act pass 1709—1709: Bad harvests throughout Europe - bread riots in Britain 2 Feb 1709—2 Feb 1709: Alexander Selkirk rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe (published in 1719) by Daniel Defoe
159	1710	1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures introduced
160	1711	1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 11 Aug 1711—11 Aug 1711: First race meeting at Ascot
161	1712	1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1853) 1712—1712: Last trial for witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham) 1712—1712: Toleration Act passed - first relief to non-Anglicans
162	1713	1713—1713: By this year there are some 3,000 coffee houses in London
163	1714	1714—1714: Longitude Act: prize of ?20,000 offered to the inventor of a workable method of determining a ship's longitude (won by John Harrison in 1773 for his chronometer). 1714—1714: Schism Act, prevents Dissenters from being schoolmasters in England 1714—1714: Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism 1 Aug 1714—1 Aug 1714: Queen Anne Stuart dies - George I Hanover becomes king (1714-1727).
164	1715	1715—1715: Second Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender ('The Fifteen') 1 Aug 1715—1 Aug 1715: Riot Act passed
165	1716	1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 (until 1911) 1716—1716: Climate: Thames frozen so solid that a spring tide lifted the ice bodily 13ft without interrupting the frost fair
166	1717	1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Value of the golden guinea fixed at 21 shillings
167	1719	1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising
168	1720	1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Exchange Alley - government assumes control of National Debt 1720—1720: Manufacturing towns start to increase in population - rise of new wealth 1720—1720: Wallpaper becomes fashionable in England
169	1721	2 Apr 1721—2 Apr 1721: Robert Walpole (Whig) becomes first Prime Minister (to 1742)
170	1722	1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland 1722—1722: Knatchbull's Act, poor laws
171	1723	1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate 1723—1723: The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching - repealed in 1827 1723—1723: The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse
172	1724	1724—1724: Rapid growth of gin drinking in England 1724—1724: Longman's founded (Britain's oldest publishing house)
173	1726	1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh 1726—1726: Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison
174	1727	1727—1727: Board of Manufacturers established in Scotland 11 Jun 1727—11 Jun 1727: George I dies - George II Hanover becomes king
175	1729	9 Nov 1729—9 Nov 1729: Treaty of Seville signed between Britain, France and Spain - Britain maintained control of Port Mahon and Gibraltar
176	1730	1730—1730: Irish famine
177	1731	1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull [others say 1701] 1731—1731: Invention of sextant by John Hadley
178	1732	7 Dec 1732—7 Dec 1732: Covent Garden Opera House opens
179	1733	1733—1733: Excise crisis: Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine - Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax 1733—1733: Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle, revolutionised the weaving industry
180	1734	1734—1734: Kent's Directory published
181	1737	1737—1737: Licensing Act restricts the number of London theatres and subects plays to censorship of the Lord Chamberlain (till 1950s)
182	1738	24 May 1738—24 May 1738: John Wesley has his conversion experience
183	1739	1739—1739: Wesley and Whitefield commence great Methodist revival 7 Apr 1739—7 Apr 1739: Dick Turpin, highwayman, hanged at York 23 Oct 1739—23 Oct 1739: War of Jenkins' Ear starts: Robert Walpole reluctantly declares war on Spain
184	1741	1741—1741: Benjamin Ingham founded the Moravian Methodists or Inghamites - Earliest Moravian registers
185	1742	1742—1742: England goes to war with Spain - incited by William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) for the sake of trade
186	1743	16 Jun 1743—16 Jun 1743: (June 27 in Gregorian calendar): Battle of Dettingen - last time a British sovereign (George II) led troops in battle
187	1744	1744—1744: Tune 'God Save the King' makes its appearance
188	1745	1745—1745: Jacobite rebellion in Scotland ('The Forty-five') 19 Aug 1745—19 Aug 1745: Bonnie Prince Charlie (The Young Pretender) lands in the western Highlands - raises support among Episcopalian and Catholic clans - The Pretender's army invades Perth, Edinburgh, and England as far as Derby
189	1746	16 Apr 1746—16 Apr 1746: Battle of Culloden - last battle fought in Britain - 5,000 Highlanders routed by the Duke of Cumberland and 9,000 loyalists Scots - Young Pretender Charles flees to Continent, ending Jacobite hopes forever - the wearing of the kilt prohibited
190	1747	1747—1747: Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions in Scotland 1747—1747: Act for Pacification of the Highlands
191	1749	27 Apr 1749—27 Apr 1749: First performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks (in Green Park, London)
192	1750	Feb 1750—Feb 1750: Series of earthquakes in London and the Home Counties cause panic with predictions of an apocalypse (Feb/Mar) 16 Nov 1750—16 Nov 1750: Original Westminster Bridge opened (replaced in 1862 due to subsidence)
193	1751	Mar 1751—Mar 1751: Chesterfield's Calendar Act passed - royal assent to the bill was given on 22 May 1751 - decision to adopt Gregorian Calendar in 1752: In and throughout all his
194	1752	1752—1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor 1 Jan 1752—1 Jan 1752: Beginning of the year 1752 [Scotland had adopted January as the start of the year in 1600, and some other countries in Europe had adopted the Gregorian calendar as early as 1582] 3 Sep 1752—3 Sep 1752: Julian Calendar dropped and Gregorian Calendar adopted in England and Scotland, making this Sep 14
195	1753	1753—1753: Private collection of Sir Hans Sloane forms the basis of the British Museum 1 May 1753—1 May 1753: Publication of ?Species Plantarum' by Linnaeus and the formal start date of plant taxonomy
196	1754	1754—1754: Hardwicke Act (1753): Banns to be called, and Printed Marriage Register forms to be used - Quakers & Jews exempt 1754—1754: In the General Election, the Cow Inn at Haslemere, Surrey caused a national scandal by subdividing the freehold to create eight votes instead of one 1754—1754: First British troops not belonging to the East India Company despatched to India 1754—1763: The French and Indian War
197	1755	1755—1755: Publication of Dictionary of the English Language' by Dr Samuel Johnson 1755—1755: Period of canal construction began in Britain (till 1827) 2 Dec 1755—2 Dec 1755: Second Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed by fire
198	1756	15 May 1756—15 May 1756: The Seven Years War with France (Pitt's trade war) begins Jun 1756—Jun 1756: Black Hole of Calcutta - 146 Britons imprisoned, most die according to British sources
199	1757	1757—1757: The foundation laid for the Empire of India 14 Mar 1757—14 Mar 1757: Admiral Byng shot at Portsmouth for failing to relieve Minorca 23 Jun 1757—23 Jun 1757: The Nawab of Bengal tries to expel the British, but is defeated at the battle of Plassey (Palashi, June 23) - the East India Company forces are led by Robert Clive
200	1758	1758—1758: India stops being merely a commercial venture - England begins dominating it politically - The East India Company retains its monopoly although it ceased to trade
201	1759	1759—1759: Wesley builds 356 Methodist chapels 15 Jan 1759—15 Jan 1759: British Museum opens to the public in London 16 Oct 1759—16 Oct 1759: Third Eddystone Lighthouse (John Smeaton's) completed
202	1760	1760—1760: Carron Iron Works in operation in Scotland 5 May 1760—5 May 1760: First use of hangman's drop 25 Oct 1760—25 Oct 1760: George II dies - George III Hanover, his grandson, becomes king. The date conventionally marks the start of the so-called first Industrial Revolution'
203	1761	16 Jan 1761—16 Jan 1761: British capture Pondicherry, India from the French
204	1762	1762—1762: Cigars introduced into Britain from Cuba
205	1763	1763—1763: Treaty of Paris - gives back to France everything Pitt fought to obtain - (Newfoundland [fishing], Guadaloupe and Martininque [sugar], Dakar [gum]) - but English displaces French as the international language
206	1764	1764—1764: Lloyd's Register of shipping first prepared 1764—1764: Practice of numbering houses introduced to London 1764—1764: James Hargeaves invents the Spinning Jenny (but destroyed 1768) 1764—1764: Mozart produces his first symphony at age eight
207	1765	1765—1765: The potato becomes the most popular food in Europe 22 Mar 1765—22 Mar 1765: Stamp Act passed - imposed a tax on publications and legal documents in the American colonies (repealed the following year)
208	1766	1766—1766: Start of 'composite' national records on rainfall in the UK 5 Dec 1766—5 Dec 1766: Christie's auction house founded in London by James Christie
209	1767	1767—1767: Newcomen's steam pumping engine perfected by James Watt
210	1768	9 Jan 1768—9 Jan 1768: Philip Astley starts his circus in London 6 Dec 1768—6 Dec 1768: The first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica' published in Edinburgh by William Smellie
211	1769	1769—1769: Arkwright invents water frame (textile production) 1769—1769: Capt James Cook maps the coast of New Zealand 6 Sep 1769—6 Sep 1769: David Garrick organises first Shakespeare festival at Stratford-upon-Avon
212	1770	1770—1770: Clyde Trust created to convert the River Clyde, then an insignificant river, into a major thoroughfare for maritime communications 28 Apr 1770—28 Apr 1770: Capt James Cook lands in Australia (Botany Bay) ? Aug 21: formally claims Australia for Britain
213	1771	1771—1771: Right to report Parliamentary debates established in England
214	1772	1772—1772: First Travellers' Cheques issued by the London Credit Exchange Company 1772—1772: Morning Post' first published (until 1937) 14 May 1772—14 May 1772: Judge Mansfield rules that there is no legal basis for slavery in England
215	1774	13 Sep 1774—13 Sep 1774: Cook arrives on Easter Island
216	1775	19 Apr 1775—19 Apr 1775: Battle of Lexington: first action in American War of Independence (1775- 1783) 19 Apr 1775—3 Sep 1783: American Revolutionary War
217	1776	1776—1776: Somerset House in London becomes the repository of records of population 1776—1776: Watt and Boulton produce their first commercial steam engine 4 Jul 1776—4 Jul 1776: American Declaration of Independence 7 Sep 1776—7 Sep 1776: First attack on a warship by a submarine - David Bushnell's ?Turtle' attacked HMS Eagle in New York harbour. The attack was perhaps spectacular (a charge did detonate beneath the ship) but was nevertheless unsuccessful. 'Turtle' was a one man Affair man-powered [Les Moore]
218	1777	1777—1777: Samuel Miller of Southampton patents the circular saw.
219	1779	1779—1779: Marc Isambard Brunel opens the first steamdriven sawmill at Chatham Dockyard in Kent 1779—1779: First iron bridge built, over the Severn by John Wilkinson 1779—1779: First Spinning Mills operational in Scotland 14 Feb 1779—14 Feb 1779: Capt James Cook killed on Hawaii 23 Sep 1779—23 Sep 1779: Naval engagement between Britain and USA off Flamborough Head
220	1780	1780—1780: Male Servants Tax 1780—1780: The English Reform Movement - until now, only landowners and tenants (freeholders with 40 shillings per year or more) allowed to vote, and in open poll books 1780—1780: Fountain pen invented 1780—1780: About this time the word 'Quiz' entered the language, said to have been invented as a wager by Mr Daly, a Dublin theatre manager 4 May 1780—4 May 1780: First Derby run at Epsom (some say 2nd June) 2 Jun 1780—2 Jun 1780: Jun 2- 8: The Gordon Riots - Parliament passes a Roman Catholic relief measure - for days, London is at the mercy of a mob and destruction is widespread
221	1782	1782—1782: Gilbert's Act establishes outdoor poor relief - the way of life of the poor beginning to alter due to industrialisation - New factories in rapidly expanding towns required a workforce that would adjust to new work patterns 1782—1782: James Watt patents his steam engine
222	1783	1783—1783: Duty payable on Parish Register entries (3d per entry - repealed 1794) - led to a fall in entries! 3 Sep 1783—3 Sep 1783: Treaty of Versailles (Britain/US) 3 Nov 1783—3 Nov 1783: Last public execution at Tyburn in London (John Austin, a highwayman)
223	1784	1784—1784: Pitt's India Act - the Crown (as opposed to officers of the East India Company) has power to guide Indian politics 1784—1784: Wesley breaks with the Church of England 1784—1784: First golf club founded at St Andrews 1784—1784: Invention of threshing machine by Andrew Meikle 2 Aug 1784—2 Aug 1784: First mail coaches in England (4pm Bristol / 8am London)
224	1785	1785—1785: Sunday School Society founded to educate poor children (by 1851, enrols more than 2 million) 1785—1795: Northwest Indian War 1 Jan 1785—1 Jan 1785: John Walter publishes first edition of The Times (called The Daily Universal Register for 3 years)
225	1787	1787—1787: MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) established at Thomas Lord's ground in London
226	1788	1788—1788: First steamboat demonstrated in Scotland 1788—1788: Law passed requiring that chimney sweepers be a minimum of 8 years old (not enforced) 1788—1788: First slave carrying act, the Dolben Act of 1788, regulates the slave trade - stipulates more humane conditions on slave ships 1788—1788: King George III's mental illness occasions the Regency Crisis - Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox attack ministry of William Pitt - trying to obtain full regal powers for the Prince of Wales 1788—1788: Gibbon completes Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' 26 Jan 1788—26 Jan 1788: First convicts (and free settlers) arrive in New South Wales (left Portsmouth 13 May 1787) ? the 'First Fleet'; eleven ships commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip
227	1789	28 Apr 1789—28 Apr 1789: Mutiny on HMS Bounty - Captain William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew ends up on Pitcairn Island 30 Apr 1789—4 Mar 1797: George Washington U.S. Presidency
228	1790	1790—1790: Forth and Clyde Canal opened in Scotland
229	1791	1791—1791: John Bell, printer, abandons the long s' (the 's' that looks like an 'f') 1791—1791: Establishment of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 4 Dec 1791—4 Dec 1791: First publication of The Observer - world's oldest Sunday newspaper
230	1792	1792—1792: Repression in Britain (restrictions on freedom of the press) - Fox gets Libel Act through Parliament, requiring a jury and not a judge to determine libel 1792—1792: Boyle's Street Directory published 1792—1792: Coal-gas lighting invented by William Murdock, an Ayrshire Scot 1 Oct 1792—1 Oct 1792: Introduction of Money Orders in Britain 1 Dec 1792—1 Dec 1792: King's Proclamation drawing out the British militia
231	1793	11 Feb 1793—11 Feb 1793: Britain declares war on France (1793-1802) 15 Apr 1793—15 Apr 1793: ?5 notes first issued by the Bank of England
232	1794	1794—1794: Abolition of Parish Register duties 6 Oct 1794—6 Oct 1794: The prosecutor for Britain, Lord Justice Eyre, charges reformers with High Treason - he argued that, since reform of parliament would lead to revolution and revolution to executing the King, the desire for reform endangered the King's life and was therefore treasonous
233	1795	1795—1795: The Famine Year 1795—1795: Foundation of the Orange Order 1795—1795: Speenhamland Act proclaims that the Parish is responsible for bringing up the labourer's wage to subsistence level - towards the end of the eighteenth century, the number of poor and unemployed increased dramatically - price increases during the Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815) far outstripped wage rises - many small farmers were bankrupted by the move towards enclosures and became landless labourers - their wages were often pitifully low 1795—1795: Pitt and Grenville introduce The Gagging Acts' or 'Two Bills' (the Seditious Meetings and Treasonable Practices Bills) - outlawed the mass meeting and the political lecture. 1795—1795: Consumption of lime juice made compulsory in Royal Navy
234	1796	1796—1796: Pitt's Reign of Terror': More treason trials - leading radicals emigrate 1796—1796: Legacy Tax on sums over ?20 excluding those to wives, children, parents and grandparents 14 May 1796—14 May 1796: Dr Edward Jenner gave first vaccination for smallpox in England
235	1797	1797—1797: England in Crisis, Bank of England suspends cash payments 1797—1797: Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore 1797—1797: Tax on newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publications 1797—1797: The first copper pennies were produced ('cartwheels') by application of steam power to the coining press 22 Feb 1797—22 Feb 1797: French invade Fishguard, Wales; last time UK invaded; all captured 2 days later 26 Feb 1797—26 Feb 1797: First ?1 (and ?2) notes issued by Bank of England 4 Mar 1797—4 Mar 1801: John Adams U.S. Presidency
236	1798	1798—1798: First planned human experiment with vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner Feb 1798—Feb 1798: The Irish Rebellion; 100,000 peasants revolt; approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished (Feb-Oct) 7 Jul 1798—30 Sep 1800: Franco-American War 1 Aug 1798—1 Aug 1798: Battle of the Nile (won by Nelson)
237	1799	1799—1799: Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York 1799—1799: Foundation of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 9 Jan 1799—9 Jan 1799: Pitt brings in 10% income tax, as a wartime financial measure 12 Jul 1799—12 Jul 1799: 'Combination Laws' in Britain against political associations and combinations 15 Jul 1799—15 Jul 1799: ?Rosetta Stone' discovered in Egypt made possible the deciphering (in 1822) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
238	1800	1800—1800: Electric light first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy 1800—1800: Use of high pressure steam pioneered by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) 1800—1800: Royal College of Surgeons founded 1800—1800: Herschel discovers infra-red light 1800—1800: Volta makes first electrical battery 2 Jul 1800—2 Jul 1800: Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland
239	1801	1801—1801: Grand Union Canal opens in England 1801—1801: Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London 1 Jan 1801—1 Jan 1801: Union Jack becomes the official British flag 4 Mar 1801—4 Mar 1809: Thomas Jefferson U.S. Presidency 10 Mar 1801—10 Mar 1801: First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural) 10 May 1801—10 Jun 1805: First Barbary War 24 Dec 1801—24 Dec 1801: Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
240	1802	25 Mar 1802—25 Mar 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands ? the 'Peace of Amiens' as it was known brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars ? one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel became possible again
241	1803	1803—1803: Poaching made a Capital offense in England if capture resisted 1803—1803: Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus 1803—1803: Semaphore signaling perfected by Admiral Popham 30 Apr 1803—30 Apr 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 May 1803—12 May 1803: Peace of Amiens ends ? resumption of war with France ? The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 Jul 1803—23 Jul 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn)
242	1804	1804—1804: Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed 'Australia' 21 Feb 1804—21 Feb 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of A ?2 coin. 3 Mar 1804—3 Mar 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 Dec 1804—2 Dec 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 Dec 1804—12 Dec 1804: Spain declares war on Britain
243	1805	1805—1805: London docks opened 21 Oct 1805—21 Oct 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 2 Dec 1805—2 Dec 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
244	1806	1806—1806: Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 9 Jan 1806—9 Jan 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
245	1807	25 Mar 1807—25 Mar 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 ? but does not prohibit colonial slavery
246	1808	1808—1808: Gas lighting in London streets 13 Jul 1808—13 Jul 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' ? temperature of 101?F in the shade recorded in London 20 Dec 1808—20 Dec 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
247	1809	12 Feb 1809—12 Feb 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 4 Mar 1809—4 Mar 1817: James Madison U.S. Presidency 18 Sep 1809—18 Sep 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
248	1810	1810—1810: John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling
249	1811	5 Feb 1811—5 Feb 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane
250	1812	11 May 1812—11 May 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated ? shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 18 Jun 1812—18 Jun 1812: Start of American 'War of 1812' (to 1814) against England and Canada 18 Jun 1812—17 Feb 1815: War of 1812 Oct 1812—Oct 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses
251	1813	1813—1813: Ireland: First recorded '12th of July' sectarian riots in Belfast 1813—1813: Jane Austen wrote 'Pride and Prejudice'
252	1814	1 Jan 1814—1 Jan 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 6 Apr 1814—6 Apr 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 13 Aug 1814—13 Aug 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 Aug 1814—24 Aug 1814: The British burn the White House 29 Nov 1814—29 Nov 1814: 'The Times' first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1100 sheets per hour) 24 Dec 1814—24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US
253	1815	1815—1815: Trial by Jury established in Scotland 1815—1815: Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 3 Mar 1815—5 Dec 1815: Second Barbary War 18 Jun 1815—18 Jun 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
254	1816	1816—1816: Income tax abolished 1816—1816: For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value ? the first official 'token' coinage 1816—1816: Climate: the 'year without a summer' ? followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain 'Tambora in Indonesia the previous year the biggest volcanic explosion in 10000 years 1816—1816: Large scale emigration to North America 1816—1816: Trans-Atlantic packet service begins
255	1817	1817—1817: March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended 1817—1817: Constable painted 'Flatford Mill' 4 Mar 1817—4 Mar 1825: James Monroe U.S. Presidency
256	1818	1818—1818: Manchester cotton spinners' strike 20 Oct 1818—20 Oct 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
257	1819	1819—1819: Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular 1819—1819: Britain returns to gold standard 1819—1819: Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles May 1819—May 1819: SS 'Savannah' first steamship to cross Atlantic reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days mostly under sail) 16 Aug 1819—16 Aug 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester ? a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester ? demand Parliamentary Reform ? mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others
258	1820	1820—1820: Cato Street Conspiracy ? plot to assissinate British cabinet 1820—1820: Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 29 Jan 1820—29 Jan 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 Aug 1820—1 Aug 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 Aug 1820—17 Aug 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her ? George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her ? Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords
259	1821	1821—1821: Faraday publishes 'Principles of electro-magnetic rotation' 1821—1821: Constable paints 'The Hay Wain' 5 May 1821—5 May 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena
260	1822	14 Jun 1822—14 Jun 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society
261	1823	1823—1823: New laws concerning marriage by license ? 'very troublesome' according to some the Act was repealed all in a hurry at the beginning of the next session 1823—1823: Peel begins penal reforms ? death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes 1823—1823: Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School 1823—1823: Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 2 Dec 1823—2 Dec 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
262	1824	1824—1824: RSPCA established 1824—1824: Portland cement patented 4 Mar 1824—4 Mar 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the 'National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck' until 1854) 10 May 1824—10 May 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
263	1825	4 Mar 1825—4 Mar 1829: John Quincy Adams U.S. Presidency 27 Sep 1825—27 Sep 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens ? world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains
264	1827	1827—1827: Ohm's Law published
265	1828	25 Oct 1828—25 Oct 1828: St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
266	1829	1829—1829: London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel 1829—1829: Louis Braille invents his system of finger-reading for the blind 4 Mar 1829—4 Mar 1837: Andrew Jackson U.S. Presidency 10 Jun 1829—10 Jun 1829: First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race 6 Oct 1829—6 Oct 1829: George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
267	1830	1830—1830: Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium Jul 1830—Jul 1830: Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons ? Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne 15 Sep 1830—15 Sep 1830: George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington ? first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over!
268	1831	1831—1831: A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled 1 Jun 1831—1 Jun 1831: James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole 1 Aug 1831—1 Aug 1831: 'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) ? old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
269	1832	1832—1832: Electoral Registers introduced 1832—1832: Electric telegraph invented by Morse 6 Apr 1832—27 Aug 1832: Black Hawk War 7 Jun 1832—7 Jun 1832: Reform Bill passed ? Representation of the People Act
270	1833	Jan 1833—Jan 1833: Britain invades the Falkland Islands 29 Aug 1833—29 Aug 1833: Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
271	1834	1834—1834: Babbage invents forerunner of the computer 18 Mar 1834—18 Mar 1834: 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities 1 May 1834—1 May 1834: Slavery abolished in British possessions
272	1835	1835—1835: Christmas becomes a national holiday 1835—1835: First railway boom period starts in Britain construction of Great Western Railway 2 Oct 1835—21 Apr 1836: Texas War of Independence
273	1836	1836—1836: First Potato famine in Ireland 30 Jan 1836—30 Jan 1836: Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened ? considered the world's first modern suspension bridge 25 Feb 1836—25 Feb 1836: Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver' 6 Mar 1836—6 Mar 1836: The Alamo falls to Mexican troops - death of Davy Crockett Jul 1836—Jul 1836: Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
274	1837	1837—1837: Pitman introduces his shorthand system 1837—1837: P&O Founded 4 Mar 1837—4 Mar 1841: Martin Van Buren U.S. Presidency 20 Jun 1837—20 Jun 1837: William IV dies - accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901) 1 Jul 1837—1 Jul 1837: Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales - Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834 13 Jul 1837—13 Jul 1837: Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace 20 Jul 1837—20 Jul 1837: Euston Railway station opens - first in London
275	1838	28 Jun 1838—28 Jun 1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey
276	1839	1839—1839: First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) - Britain captures Hong Kong 1839—1839: Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel,thus creating the first true 'bicycle' in the modern Sense 1839—1839: Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber
277	1840	1840—1840: Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain 1840—1840: Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere) 10 Jan 1840—10 Jan 1840: Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
278	1841	1841—1841: Thomas Cook starts package tours 10 Feb 1841—10 Feb 1841: Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp 4 Mar 1841—4 Apr 1841: William Henry Harrison U.S. Presidency 4 Apr 1841—4 Mar 1845: John Tyler U.S. Presidency 6 Jun 1841—6 Jun 1841: June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M)
279	1842	1842—1842: Income Tax reintroduced in Britain 30 Mar 1842—30 Mar 1842: Ether used as an anesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America) 29 Aug 1842—29 Aug 1842: Treaty of Nanking - End of First Opium War - Britain gains Hong Kong
280	1843	1843—1843: First Christmas card in England 27 May 1843—27 May 1843: The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London 19 Jul 1843—19 Jul 1843: Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
281	1844	6 Jun 1844—6 Jun 1844: YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
282	1845	1845—1845: Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham) 4 Mar 1845—4 Mar 1849: James K. Polk U.S. Presidency 17 Mar 1845—17 Mar 1845: The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry
283	1846	25 Apr 1846—2 Feb 1848: Mexican-American War 10 Sep 1846—10 Sep 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe
284	1847	1847—1847: US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre Jan 1847—Jan 1847: An anesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
285	1848	1848—1848: First commercial production of chewing gum 24 Jan 1848—24 Jan 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California - starts the California gold rush 11 Jul 1848—11 Jul 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens
286	1849	1849—1849: Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation - which finally occurred in 1971! 4 Mar 1849—9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor U.S. Presidency
287	1850	9 Jul 1850—4 Mar 1853: Millard Fillmore U.S. Presidency
288	1851	1851—1851: Gold discovered in Australia 1 May 1851—1 May 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ('Crystal Palace' exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
289	1852	1852—1852: Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement 1852—1852: Wells Fargo established in USA
290	1853	1853—1853: Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain 4 Mar 1853—4 Mar 1857: Franklin Pierce U.S. Presidency
291	1854	1854—1854: Cigarettes introduced into Britain 27 Mar 1854—27 Mar 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War) 25 Oct 1854—25 Oct 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade)
292	1856	1856—1856: End of Crimean War 29 Jan 1856—29 Jan 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
293	1857	1857—1857: Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable 4 Mar 1857—4 Mar 1861: James Buchanan U.S. Presidency
294	1858	1858—1858: 'The great stink' - smell of the River Thames forced Parliament to stop work 1858—1858: Royal Opera House opens in Covent Garden, London
295	1859	1859—1859: Peaceful picketing legalised in Britain 25 Apr 1859—25 Apr 1859: Work started on building the Suez canal (opened 17 Nov 1869) 4 May 1859—4 May 1859: Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge opened at Saltash giving rail link between Devon and Cornwall 24 Nov 1859—24 Nov 1859: Charles Darwin publishes 'The Origin of Species'
296	1860	29 Aug 1860—29 Aug 1860: First tram service in Europe starts in Birkenhead
297	1861	4 Mar 1861—15 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln U.S. Presidency 12 Apr 1861—9 May 1865: American Civil War 25 May 1861—25 May 1861: American Civil War begins
298	1862	1862—1862: Lincoln issues first legal US paper money (Greenbacks) 20 Apr 1862—20 Apr 1862: First pasteurisation test completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard
299	1863	1863—1863: Football Association founded (UK) 1863—1863: Opening of state institution for criminally insane at Broadmoor, England 10 Jan 1863—10 Jan 1863: First section of the London Underground Railway opens
300	1864	1864—1864: A man-powered submarine, 'Hunley' sank a Federal steam ship USS Housatonic at the entrance to Charleston harbour in 1864 - the first recorded successful attack by a submarine on a surface ship 11 Mar 1864—11 Mar 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood - over 250 died when a new dam broke while it was being filled for the first time 20 Aug 1864—20 Aug 1864: Red Cross established - Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention 8 Dec 1864—8 Dec 1864: Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon officially opened
301	1865	1865—1865: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917) becomes first woman doctor in England [she later became the first woman mayor in England, in Aldeburgh 1908] 1865—1865: First concrete roads built in Britain 14 Apr 1865—14 Apr 1865: End of American Civil War - slavery abolished in USA 14 Apr 1865—14 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth 15 Apr 1865—4 Mar 1869: Andrew Johnson U.S. Presidency 5 Jul 1865—5 Jul 1865: William Booth (1829-1912) founds Salvation Army, in London
302	1867	1 Jul 1867—1 Jul 1867: The British North America Act takes effect, creating the Canadian Confederation
303	1868	1868—1868: Last convicts landed in Australia (Western Australia)
304	1869	1869—1869: Ball bearings, celluloid, margarine, and washing machines, all invented 4 Mar 1869—4 Mar 1877: Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Presidency 23 Nov 1869—23 Nov 1869: Cutty Sark launched in Dumbarton
305	1870	1870—1870: GPO takes over the privately-owned Telegraph Companies (nationalised) 1870—1870: Dr Thomas Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children 1870—1870: Water closets come into wide use 1870—1870: Diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa 1 Oct 1870—1 Oct 1870: First British postcard - halfpenny post
306	1871	27 Mar 1871—27 Mar 1871: First Rugby Football international, England v Scotland, played in Edinburgh 29 Mar 1871—29 Mar 1871: Opening of Royal Albert Hall, London 29 Jun 1871—29 Jun 1871: Trades Unions legalised in Britain, but picketing made illegal
307	1872	1872—1872: Licensing hours introduced 1872—1872: Penalties introduced for failing to register births, marriages & deaths (Eng & Wales) 4 Dec 1872—4 Dec 1872: American ship 'Mary Celeste' is found abandoned by the British brig 'Dei Gratia' in the Atlantic Ocean
308	1874	1874—1874: Factory Act introduces 56-hour week 5 Apr 1874—5 Apr 1874: Birkenhead Park opened, said to be the first civic public park in the world - features of it later copied in Central Park, New York
309	1875	1875—1875: London's main sewage system completed 1 Jan 1875—1 Jan 1875: Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger facilities, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies followed during the rest of the year. (Third Class was renamed Second Class in 1956)
310	1876	14 Feb 1876—14 Feb 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone - Bell awarded the rights
311	1877	1877—1877: Edison invents microphone and phonograph 4 Mar 1877—4 Mar 1881: Rutherford B. Hayes U.S. Presidency
312	1878	1878—1878: Edison & Swan invent electric lamp 1878—1878: Red Flag Act in Britain limits mechanical road vehicles to 4mph 1878—1878: CID established at New Scotland Yard
313	1879	18 Sep 1879—18 Sep 1879: Blackpool illuminations switched on for first time
314	1880	1880—1880: Education Act: schooling compulsory for 5-10 year olds 1880—1880: Mosquito found to be the carrier of malaria 2 Aug 1880—2 Aug 1880: Greenwich Mean Time adopted throughout UK
315	1881	1881—1881: Postal Orders introduced 1881—1881: Flogging abolished in Army and Royal Navy 4 Mar 1881—19 Sep 1881: James A. Garfield U.S. Presidency Sep 1881—Sep 1881: Godalming in Surrey became the first town in England to have a public electricity supply installed (but in 1884 it reverted to gas lighting until 1904) 19 Sep 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur U.S. Presidency 26 Oct 1881—26 Oct 1881: Gunfight at OK Corral
316	1882	1882—1882: Fourth Eddystone Lighthouse completed
317	1883	1883—1883: Statue of Liberty presented to USA by France 24 May 1883—24 May 1883: Brooklyn Bridge, New York opens (crosses East River) 1 Aug 1883—1 Aug 1883: Parcel post starts in Britain 27 Aug 1883—27 Aug 1883: Eruption of Krakatoa near Java - 30,000 killed by tidal wave
318	1884	31 May 1884—31 May 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes 13 Oct 1884—13 Oct 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
319	1885	1885—1885: Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle 1885—1885: Eastman makes first coated photographic paper 1885—1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed Mar 1885—Mar 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking 4 Mar 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 5 Sep 1885—5 Sep 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel 29 Sep 1885—29 Sep 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool