Aikajana: Maria Lydia Bennett: Our Family History

	Päiväys	Tapahtuma(t)
1	1681	1681—1681: Second Test Act (against non-conformists) passed by Westminster Parliament 1681—1681: Oil lighting first used in London streets
2	1682	1682—1682: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn 1682—1682: Library of Advocates founded in Edinburgh - later National Library of Scotland 1682—1682: Halley observes the comet which bears his name
3	1683	1683—1683: Wild boar become extinct in Britain 6 kesä 1683—6 kesä 1683: Ashmolean Museum opened at Oxford - first museum in Britain
4	1685	1685—1685: James the Second (1685-1689, died 1701) - Monmouth rebellion and battle of Sedgemoor - British Army raised to 20,000 men 1685—1685: Earl of Argyll's Invasion of Scotland 1685—1685: Judge Jeffreys and the Bloody Assizes - 320 executed, 800 transported
5	1686	1686—1686: Release of all prisoners held for their religious beliefs
6	1687	4 huhti 1687—4 huhti 1687: James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists 5 heinä 1687—5 heinä 1687: Newton published his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica' - written in Latin
7	1688	1688—1688: British Army raised to 40,000 1688—1688: Bill of Rights limits the powers of the monarchy over parliament 1688—1688: Hearth Tax abolished 1688—1688: Mutiny Act helmi 1688—helmi 1688: Edward Lloyd's Coffee House opens - later became Lloyd's of London marras 1688—marras 1688: The Glorious Revolution: James II abdicates 5 marras 1688—5 marras 1688: William of Orange lands at Torbay joulu 1688—joulu 1688: Siege of Londonderry (began Dec 1688; ended 28 Jul 1689)
8	1689	1689—1689: Devonport naval dockyard established 13 helmi 1689—13 helmi 1689: William III and Mary II, daughter of James II, jointly take the throne (only William, however, has regal power) 12 maalis 1689—12 maalis 1689: Deposed James VII & II flees to Ireland - defeated at the Battle of the Boyne (1 Jul 1690) 24 touko 1689—24 touko 1689: Toleration Act passed for Protestant non-conformists 27 heinä 1689—27 heinä 1689: Battle of Killiecrankie in Scotland - Jacobites defeated Government troops but at high cost 16 joulu 1689—16 joulu 1689: Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, ending King's divine right to raise taxes or wage war
9	1690	20 touko 1690—20 touko 1690: England passes Act of Grace, forgiving Roman Catholic followers of James II
10	1692	1692—1692: Land Tax introduced - originally designed as an annual tax on personal estate, public offices and land. For practical purposes, however, assessors tended to avoid assessing items of wealth other than landed property so that it became known as the Land Tax. 1692—1692: French intention to invade England came to nothing 13 helmi 1692—13 helmi 1692: The massacre of Glencoe - Clan Campbell sides with King William and murders members of Clan McDonald
11	1693	4 elo 1693—4 elo 1693: Date traditionally ascribed to Dom Pierre P?rignon 's invention of Champagne
12	1694	1694—1694: National Debt came into effect in England 1694—1694: Stamp Duties introduced into Britain from Holland 1694—1694: Mary II death leaves William III as sole ruler 1694—1694: Triennial Act, new Parliamentary elections every three years 1694—1694: Scotland: Poll Tax imposed on all over sixteen, except the destitute and insane (-1699) 27 heinä 1694—27 heinä 1694: Bank of England founded by William Paterson (a Scot)
13	1695	1695—1695: Freedom of Press in England granted 1695—1695: Bank of Scotland founded 1695—1695: Act of Parliament imposes a fine on all who fail to inform the parish minister of the birth of a child (repealed 1706) 1695—1695: Start of Dissenters' lists in parish registers - children born but not christened in the parish church - some were named 'Papist' and others 'Protestants'
14	1697	2 joulu 1697—2 joulu 1697: Official opening of St Paul's Cathedral
15	1698	1698—1698: Invention of steam engine by Capt Thomas Savery 1698—1698: Darien Expedition: a disastrous attempt to establish a Scots settlement in Panama 1698—1698: Duties (taxes) on entries in parish registers - repealed after five years 4 tammi 1698—4 tammi 1698: Most of the Palace of Whitehall in London destroyed by fire 14 marras 1698—14 marras 1698: Eddystone Lighthouse (Henry Winstanley's) first lit; completed 10 days earlier
16	1700	1700—1700: Population in England and Scotland approx 7.5 million
17	1701	1701—1701: Act of Settlement bars Catholics from the British throne 23 touko 1701—23 touko 1701: After being convicted of piracy and murdering William Moore, Captain William Kidd hanged in London
18	1702	8 maalis 1702—8 maalis 1702: Anne Stuart becomes Queen 11 maalis 1702—11 maalis 1702: First English daily newspaper The Daily Courant (till 1735)
19	1703	4 elo 1703—4 elo 1703: British take Gibraltar 24 marras 1703—24 marras 1703: Climate: Most violent storms of the millennium cause vast damage across southern England - about a third of Britain's merchant fleet lost, and Eddystone lighthouse destroyed on 27 November (Nov 24 - Dec 2)
20	1704	1704—1704: Penal Code enacted - Catholics barred from voting, education and the military 13 elo 1704—13 elo 1704: Battle of Blenheim
21	1705	1705—1705: First workable steam pumping engine devised by Thomas Newcomen (some say c1710 or 1711) 1705—1705: Isaac Newton knighted (for his work at the Royal Mint)
22	1706	1706—1706: First evening newspaper The Evening Post' issued in London
23	1707	16 tammi 1707—16 tammi 1707: Union with Scotland - Scots agree to send 16 peers and 45 MPs to English Parliament in return for full trading privileges - Scottish Parliament meets for the last time in March 1 touko 1707—1 touko 1707: English and Scottish Parliaments united by an Act of the English Parliament - The Kingdom of Great Britain established - largest free-trade area in Europe at the time
24	1708	1708—1708: First Jacobite rising in Scotland 1708—1708: Earliest Artillery Muster Rolls
25	1709	1709—1709: Second Eddystone lighthouse completed 1709—1709: First Copyright Act pass 1709—1709: Bad harvests throughout Europe - bread riots in Britain 2 helmi 1709—2 helmi 1709: Alexander Selkirk rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe (published in 1719) by Daniel Defoe
26	1710	1710—1710: Tax on Apprentice Indentures introduced
27	1711	1711—1711: Incorporation of South Sea Company, in London 11 elo 1711—11 elo 1711: First race meeting at Ascot
28	1712	1712—1712: Imposition of Soap Tax (abolished 1853) 1712—1712: Last trial for witchcraft in England (Jane Wenham) 1712—1712: Toleration Act passed - first relief to non-Anglicans
29	1713	1713—1713: By this year there are some 3,000 coffee houses in London
30	1714	1714—1714: Longitude Act: prize of ?20,000 offered to the inventor of a workable method of determining a ship's longitude (won by John Harrison in 1773 for his chronometer). 1714—1714: Schism Act, prevents Dissenters from being schoolmasters in England 1714—1714: Landholders forced to take the Oath of Allegiance and renounce Roman Catholicism 1 elo 1714—1 elo 1714: Queen Anne Stuart dies - George I Hanover becomes king (1714-1727).
31	1715	1715—1715: Second Jacobite rebellion in Scotland, under the Old Pretender ('The Fifteen') 1 elo 1715—1 elo 1715: Riot Act passed
32	1716	1716—1716: The Septennial Act of Britain leads to greater electoral corruption - general elections now to be held once every 7 years instead of every 3 (until 1911) 1716—1716: Climate: Thames frozen so solid that a spring tide lifted the ice bodily 13ft without interrupting the frost fair
33	1717	1717—1717: First Masonic Lodge opens in London 1717—1717: Value of the golden guinea fixed at 21 shillings
34	1719	1719—1719: Third abortive Jacobite rising
35	1720	1720—1720: South Sea Bubble, a stock-market crash on Exchange Alley - government assumes control of National Debt 1720—1720: Manufacturing towns start to increase in population - rise of new wealth 1720—1720: Wallpaper becomes fashionable in England
36	1721	2 huhti 1721—2 huhti 1721: Robert Walpole (Whig) becomes first Prime Minister (to 1742)
37	1722	1722—1722: Last trial for witchcraft in Scotland 1722—1722: Knatchbull's Act, poor laws
38	1723	1723—1723: Excise tax levied for coffee, tea, and chocolate 1723—1723: The Waltham Black Acts add 50 capital offences to the penal code - people could be sentenced to death for theft and poaching - repealed in 1827 1723—1723: The Workhouse Act or Test - to get relief, a poor person has to enter Workhouse
39	1724	1724—1724: Rapid growth of gin drinking in England 1724—1724: Longman's founded (Britain's oldest publishing house)
40	1726	1726—1726: First circulating library opened in Edinburgh 1726—1726: Invention of the chronometer by John Harrison
41	1727	1727—1727: Board of Manufacturers established in Scotland 11 kesä 1727—11 kesä 1727: George I dies - George II Hanover becomes king
42	1729	9 marras 1729—9 marras 1729: Treaty of Seville signed between Britain, France and Spain - Britain maintained control of Port Mahon and Gibraltar
43	1730	1730—1730: Irish famine
44	1731	1731—1731: Invention of seed drill by Jethro Tull [others say 1701] 1731—1731: Invention of sextant by John Hadley
45	1732	7 joulu 1732—7 joulu 1732: Covent Garden Opera House opens
46	1733	1733—1733: Excise crisis: Sir Robert Walpole wanted to add excise tax to tobacco and wine - Pulteney and Bolingbroke oppose the excise tax 1733—1733: Law forbidding the use of Latin in parish registers generally obeyed - some continued in Latin for a few years 1733—1733: John Kay invents the flying shuttle, revolutionised the weaving industry
47	1734	1734—1734: Kent's Directory published
48	1737	1737—1737: Licensing Act restricts the number of London theatres and subects plays to censorship of the Lord Chamberlain (till 1950s)
49	1738	24 touko 1738—24 touko 1738: John Wesley has his conversion experience
50	1739	1739—1739: Wesley and Whitefield commence great Methodist revival 7 huhti 1739—7 huhti 1739: Dick Turpin, highwayman, hanged at York 23 loka 1739—23 loka 1739: War of Jenkins' Ear starts: Robert Walpole reluctantly declares war on Spain
51	1741	1741—1741: Benjamin Ingham founded the Moravian Methodists or Inghamites - Earliest Moravian registers
52	1742	1742—1742: England goes to war with Spain - incited by William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) for the sake of trade
53	1743	16 kesä 1743—16 kesä 1743: (June 27 in Gregorian calendar): Battle of Dettingen - last time a British sovereign (George II) led troops in battle
54	1744	1744—1744: Tune 'God Save the King' makes its appearance
55	1745	1745—1745: Jacobite rebellion in Scotland ('The Forty-five') 19 elo 1745—19 elo 1745: Bonnie Prince Charlie (The Young Pretender) lands in the western Highlands - raises support among Episcopalian and Catholic clans - The Pretender's army invades Perth, Edinburgh, and England as far as Derby
56	1746	16 huhti 1746—16 huhti 1746: Battle of Culloden - last battle fought in Britain - 5,000 Highlanders routed by the Duke of Cumberland and 9,000 loyalists Scots - Young Pretender Charles flees to Continent, ending Jacobite hopes forever - the wearing of the kilt prohibited
57	1747	1747—1747: Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions in Scotland 1747—1747: Act for Pacification of the Highlands
58	1749	27 huhti 1749—27 huhti 1749: First performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks (in Green Park, London)
59	1750	helmi 1750—helmi 1750: Series of earthquakes in London and the Home Counties cause panic with predictions of an apocalypse (Feb/Mar) 16 marras 1750—16 marras 1750: Original Westminster Bridge opened (replaced in 1862 due to subsidence)
60	1751	maalis 1751—maalis 1751: Chesterfield's Calendar Act passed - royal assent to the bill was given on 22 May 1751 - decision to adopt Gregorian Calendar in 1752: In and throughout all his
61	1752	1752—1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning conductor 1 tammi 1752—1 tammi 1752: Beginning of the year 1752 [Scotland had adopted January as the start of the year in 1600, and some other countries in Europe had adopted the Gregorian calendar as early as 1582] 3 syys 1752—3 syys 1752: Julian Calendar dropped and Gregorian Calendar adopted in England and Scotland, making this Sep 14
62	1753	1753—1753: Private collection of Sir Hans Sloane forms the basis of the British Museum 1 touko 1753—1 touko 1753: Publication of ?Species Plantarum' by Linnaeus and the formal start date of plant taxonomy
63	1754	1754—1754: Hardwicke Act (1753): Banns to be called, and Printed Marriage Register forms to be used - Quakers & Jews exempt 1754—1754: In the General Election, the Cow Inn at Haslemere, Surrey caused a national scandal by subdividing the freehold to create eight votes instead of one 1754—1754: First British troops not belonging to the East India Company despatched to India 1754—1763: The French and Indian War
64	1755	1755—1755: Publication of Dictionary of the English Language' by Dr Samuel Johnson 1755—1755: Period of canal construction began in Britain (till 1827) 2 joulu 1755—2 joulu 1755: Second Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed by fire
65	1756	15 touko 1756—15 touko 1756: The Seven Years War with France (Pitt's trade war) begins kesä 1756—kesä 1756: Black Hole of Calcutta - 146 Britons imprisoned, most die according to British sources
66	1757	1757—1757: The foundation laid for the Empire of India 14 maalis 1757—14 maalis 1757: Admiral Byng shot at Portsmouth for failing to relieve Minorca 23 kesä 1757—23 kesä 1757: The Nawab of Bengal tries to expel the British, but is defeated at the battle of Plassey (Palashi, June 23) - the East India Company forces are led by Robert Clive
67	1758	1758—1758: India stops being merely a commercial venture - England begins dominating it politically - The East India Company retains its monopoly although it ceased to trade
68	1759	1759—1759: Wesley builds 356 Methodist chapels 15 tammi 1759—15 tammi 1759: British Museum opens to the public in London 16 loka 1759—16 loka 1759: Third Eddystone Lighthouse (John Smeaton's) completed
69	1760	1760—1760: Carron Iron Works in operation in Scotland 5 touko 1760—5 touko 1760: First use of hangman's drop 25 loka 1760—25 loka 1760: George II dies - George III Hanover, his grandson, becomes king. The date conventionally marks the start of the so-called first Industrial Revolution'
70	1761	16 tammi 1761—16 tammi 1761: British capture Pondicherry, India from the French
71	1762	1762—1762: Cigars introduced into Britain from Cuba
72	1763	1763—1763: Treaty of Paris - gives back to France everything Pitt fought to obtain - (Newfoundland [fishing], Guadaloupe and Martininque [sugar], Dakar [gum]) - but English displaces French as the international language
73	1764	1764—1764: Lloyd's Register of shipping first prepared 1764—1764: Practice of numbering houses introduced to London 1764—1764: James Hargeaves invents the Spinning Jenny (but destroyed 1768) 1764—1764: Mozart produces his first symphony at age eight
74	1765	1765—1765: The potato becomes the most popular food in Europe 22 maalis 1765—22 maalis 1765: Stamp Act passed - imposed a tax on publications and legal documents in the American colonies (repealed the following year)
75	1766	1766—1766: Start of 'composite' national records on rainfall in the UK 5 joulu 1766—5 joulu 1766: Christie's auction house founded in London by James Christie
76	1767	1767—1767: Newcomen's steam pumping engine perfected by James Watt
77	1768	9 tammi 1768—9 tammi 1768: Philip Astley starts his circus in London 6 joulu 1768—6 joulu 1768: The first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica' published in Edinburgh by William Smellie
78	1769	1769—1769: Arkwright invents water frame (textile production) 1769—1769: Capt James Cook maps the coast of New Zealand 6 syys 1769—6 syys 1769: David Garrick organises first Shakespeare festival at Stratford-upon-Avon
79	1770	1770—1770: Clyde Trust created to convert the River Clyde, then an insignificant river, into a major thoroughfare for maritime communications 28 huhti 1770—28 huhti 1770: Capt James Cook lands in Australia (Botany Bay) ? Aug 21: formally claims Australia for Britain
80	1771	1771—1771: Right to report Parliamentary debates established in England
81	1772	1772—1772: First Travellers' Cheques issued by the London Credit Exchange Company 1772—1772: Morning Post' first published (until 1937) 14 touko 1772—14 touko 1772: Judge Mansfield rules that there is no legal basis for slavery in England
82	1774	13 syys 1774—13 syys 1774: Cook arrives on Easter Island
83	1775	19 huhti 1775—19 huhti 1775: Battle of Lexington: first action in American War of Independence (1775- 1783) 19 huhti 1775—3 syys 1783: American Revolutionary War
84	1776	1776—1776: Somerset House in London becomes the repository of records of population 1776—1776: Watt and Boulton produce their first commercial steam engine 4 heinä 1776—4 heinä 1776: American Declaration of Independence 7 syys 1776—7 syys 1776: First attack on a warship by a submarine - David Bushnell's ?Turtle' attacked HMS Eagle in New York harbour. The attack was perhaps spectacular (a charge did detonate beneath the ship) but was nevertheless unsuccessful. 'Turtle' was a one man Affair man-powered [Les Moore]
85	1777	1777—1777: Samuel Miller of Southampton patents the circular saw.
86	1779	1779—1779: Marc Isambard Brunel opens the first steamdriven sawmill at Chatham Dockyard in Kent 1779—1779: First iron bridge built, over the Severn by John Wilkinson 1779—1779: First Spinning Mills operational in Scotland 14 helmi 1779—14 helmi 1779: Capt James Cook killed on Hawaii 23 syys 1779—23 syys 1779: Naval engagement between Britain and USA off Flamborough Head
87	1780	1780—1780: Male Servants Tax 1780—1780: The English Reform Movement - until now, only landowners and tenants (freeholders with 40 shillings per year or more) allowed to vote, and in open poll books 1780—1780: Fountain pen invented 1780—1780: About this time the word 'Quiz' entered the language, said to have been invented as a wager by Mr Daly, a Dublin theatre manager 4 touko 1780—4 touko 1780: First Derby run at Epsom (some say 2nd June) 2 kesä 1780—2 kesä 1780: Jun 2- 8: The Gordon Riots - Parliament passes a Roman Catholic relief measure - for days, London is at the mercy of a mob and destruction is widespread
88	1782	1782—1782: Gilbert's Act establishes outdoor poor relief - the way of life of the poor beginning to alter due to industrialisation - New factories in rapidly expanding towns required a workforce that would adjust to new work patterns 1782—1782: James Watt patents his steam engine
89	1783	1783—1783: Duty payable on Parish Register entries (3d per entry - repealed 1794) - led to a fall in entries! 3 syys 1783—3 syys 1783: Treaty of Versailles (Britain/US) 3 marras 1783—3 marras 1783: Last public execution at Tyburn in London (John Austin, a highwayman)
90	1784	1784—1784: Pitt's India Act - the Crown (as opposed to officers of the East India Company) has power to guide Indian politics 1784—1784: Wesley breaks with the Church of England 1784—1784: First golf club founded at St Andrews 1784—1784: Invention of threshing machine by Andrew Meikle 2 elo 1784—2 elo 1784: First mail coaches in England (4pm Bristol / 8am London)
91	1785	1785—1785: Sunday School Society founded to educate poor children (by 1851, enrols more than 2 million) 1785—1795: Northwest Indian War 1 tammi 1785—1 tammi 1785: John Walter publishes first edition of The Times (called The Daily Universal Register for 3 years)
92	1787	1787—1787: MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) established at Thomas Lord's ground in London
93	1788	1788—1788: First steamboat demonstrated in Scotland 1788—1788: Law passed requiring that chimney sweepers be a minimum of 8 years old (not enforced) 1788—1788: First slave carrying act, the Dolben Act of 1788, regulates the slave trade - stipulates more humane conditions on slave ships 1788—1788: King George III's mental illness occasions the Regency Crisis - Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox attack ministry of William Pitt - trying to obtain full regal powers for the Prince of Wales 1788—1788: Gibbon completes Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' 26 tammi 1788—26 tammi 1788: First convicts (and free settlers) arrive in New South Wales (left Portsmouth 13 May 1787) ? the 'First Fleet'; eleven ships commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip
94	1789	28 huhti 1789—28 huhti 1789: Mutiny on HMS Bounty - Captain William Bligh and 18 sailors are set adrift and the rebel crew ends up on Pitcairn Island 30 huhti 1789—4 maalis 1797: George Washington U.S. Presidency
95	1790	1790—1790: Forth and Clyde Canal opened in Scotland
96	1791	1791—1791: John Bell, printer, abandons the long s' (the 's' that looks like an 'f') 1791—1791: Establishment of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 4 joulu 1791—4 joulu 1791: First publication of The Observer - world's oldest Sunday newspaper
97	1792	1792—1792: Repression in Britain (restrictions on freedom of the press) - Fox gets Libel Act through Parliament, requiring a jury and not a judge to determine libel 1792—1792: Boyle's Street Directory published 1792—1792: Coal-gas lighting invented by William Murdock, an Ayrshire Scot 1 loka 1792—1 loka 1792: Introduction of Money Orders in Britain 1 joulu 1792—1 joulu 1792: King's Proclamation drawing out the British militia
98	1793	11 helmi 1793—11 helmi 1793: Britain declares war on France (1793-1802) 15 huhti 1793—15 huhti 1793: ?5 notes first issued by the Bank of England
99	1794	1794—1794: Abolition of Parish Register duties 6 loka 1794—6 loka 1794: The prosecutor for Britain, Lord Justice Eyre, charges reformers with High Treason - he argued that, since reform of parliament would lead to revolution and revolution to executing the King, the desire for reform endangered the King's life and was therefore treasonous
100	1795	1795—1795: The Famine Year 1795—1795: Foundation of the Orange Order 1795—1795: Speenhamland Act proclaims that the Parish is responsible for bringing up the labourer's wage to subsistence level - towards the end of the eighteenth century, the number of poor and unemployed increased dramatically - price increases during the Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815) far outstripped wage rises - many small farmers were bankrupted by the move towards enclosures and became landless labourers - their wages were often pitifully low 1795—1795: Pitt and Grenville introduce The Gagging Acts' or 'Two Bills' (the Seditious Meetings and Treasonable Practices Bills) - outlawed the mass meeting and the political lecture. 1795—1795: Consumption of lime juice made compulsory in Royal Navy
101	1796	1796—1796: Pitt's Reign of Terror': More treason trials - leading radicals emigrate 1796—1796: Legacy Tax on sums over ?20 excluding those to wives, children, parents and grandparents 14 touko 1796—14 touko 1796: Dr Edward Jenner gave first vaccination for smallpox in England
102	1797	1797—1797: England in Crisis, Bank of England suspends cash payments 1797—1797: Mutinies in the British Navy at Spithead and Nore 1797—1797: Tax on newspapers (including cheap, topical journals) increased to repress radical publications 1797—1797: The first copper pennies were produced ('cartwheels') by application of steam power to the coining press 22 helmi 1797—22 helmi 1797: French invade Fishguard, Wales; last time UK invaded; all captured 2 days later 26 helmi 1797—26 helmi 1797: First ?1 (and ?2) notes issued by Bank of England 4 maalis 1797—4 maalis 1801: John Adams U.S. Presidency
103	1798	1798—1798: First planned human experiment with vaccination, to test theories of Edward Jenner helmi 1798—helmi 1798: The Irish Rebellion; 100,000 peasants revolt; approximately 25,000 die - Irish Parliament abolished (Feb-Oct) 7 heinä 1798—30 syys 1800: Franco-American War 1 elo 1798—1 elo 1798: Battle of the Nile (won by Nelson)
104	1799	1799—1799: Foundation of Royal Military College Sandhurst by the Duke of York 1799—1799: Foundation of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 9 tammi 1799—9 tammi 1799: Pitt brings in 10% income tax, as a wartime financial measure 12 heinä 1799—12 heinä 1799: 'Combination Laws' in Britain against political associations and combinations 15 heinä 1799—15 heinä 1799: ?Rosetta Stone' discovered in Egypt made possible the deciphering (in 1822) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
105	1800	1800—1800: Electric light first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy 1800—1800: Use of high pressure steam pioneered by Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) 1800—1800: Royal College of Surgeons founded 1800—1800: Herschel discovers infra-red light 1800—1800: Volta makes first electrical battery 2 heinä 1800—2 heinä 1800: Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland
106	1801	1801—1801: Grand Union Canal opens in England 1801—1801: Elgin Marbles brought from Athens to London 1 tammi 1801—1 tammi 1801: Union Jack becomes the official British flag 4 maalis 1801—4 maalis 1809: Thomas Jefferson U.S. Presidency 10 maalis 1801—10 maalis 1801: First census puts the population of England and Wales at 9,168,000. Population of Britain nearly 11 million (75% rural) 10 touko 1801—10 kesä 1805: First Barbary War 24 joulu 1801—24 joulu 1801: Richard Trevithick built the first self-propelled passenger carrying road loco
107	1802	25 maalis 1802—25 maalis 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands ? the 'Peace of Amiens' as it was known brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars ? one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel became possible again
108	1803	1803—1803: Poaching made a Capital offense in England if capture resisted 1803—1803: Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus 1803—1803: Semaphore signaling perfected by Admiral Popham 30 huhti 1803—30 huhti 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 touko 1803—12 touko 1803: Peace of Amiens ends ? resumption of war with France ? The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 heinä 1803—23 heinä 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn)
109	1804	1804—1804: Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed 'Australia' 21 helmi 1804—21 helmi 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of A ?2 coin. 3 maalis 1804—3 maalis 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 joulu 1804—2 joulu 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 joulu 1804—12 joulu 1804: Spain declares war on Britain
110	1805	1805—1805: London docks opened 21 loka 1805—21 loka 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 2 joulu 1805—2 joulu 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
111	1806	1806—1806: Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 9 tammi 1806—9 tammi 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
112	1807	1807: Fulton's First Steamboat Voyage 25 maalis 1807—25 maalis 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 ? but does not prohibit colonial slavery
113	1808	1808—1808: Gas lighting in London streets 13 heinä 1808—13 heinä 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' ? temperature of 101?F in the shade recorded in London 20 joulu 1808—20 joulu 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
114	1809	12 helmi 1809—12 helmi 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 4 maalis 1809—4 maalis 1817: James Madison U.S. Presidency 18 syys 1809—18 syys 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
115	1810	1810—1810: John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling
116	1811	5 helmi 1811—5 helmi 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane
117	1812	11 touko 1812—11 touko 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated ? shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 18 kesä 1812—18 kesä 1812: Start of American 'War of 1812' (to 1814) against England and Canada 18 kesä 1812—17 helmi 1815: War of 1812 loka 1812—loka 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses
118	1813	1813—1813: Ireland: First recorded '12th of July' sectarian riots in Belfast 1813—1813: Jane Austen wrote 'Pride and Prejudice'
119	1814	1 tammi 1814—1 tammi 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 6 huhti 1814—6 huhti 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 13 elo 1814—13 elo 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 elo 1814—24 elo 1814: The British burn the White House 29 marras 1814—29 marras 1814: 'The Times' first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1100 sheets per hour) 24 joulu 1814—24 joulu 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US
120	1815	1815—1815: Trial by Jury established in Scotland 1815—1815: Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 3 maalis 1815—5 joulu 1815: Second Barbary War 18 kesä 1815—18 kesä 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena 18 kesä 1815: The Battle of Waterloo
121	1816	1816—1816: Income tax abolished 1816—1816: For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value ? the first official 'token' coinage 1816—1816: Climate: the 'year without a summer' ? followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain 'Tambora in Indonesia the previous year the biggest volcanic explosion in 10000 years 1816—1816: Large scale emigration to North America 1816—1816: Trans-Atlantic packet service begins
122	1817	1817—1817: March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended 1817—1817: Constable painted 'Flatford Mill' 4 maalis 1817—4 maalis 1825: James Monroe U.S. Presidency
123	1818	1818—1818: Manchester cotton spinners' strike 20 loka 1818—20 loka 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
124	1819	1819—1819: Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular 1819—1819: Britain returns to gold standard 1819—1819: Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles touko 1819—touko 1819: SS 'Savannah' first steamship to cross Atlantic reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 Days mostly under sail) 16 elo 1819—16 elo 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester ? a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester ? demand Parliamentary Reform ? mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others
125	1820	1820—1820: Cato Street Conspiracy ? plot to assissinate British cabinet 1820—1820: Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 29 tammi 1820—29 tammi 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 elo 1820—1 elo 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 elo 1820—17 elo 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her ? George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her ? Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords
126	1821	1821—1821: Faraday publishes 'Principles of electro-magnetic rotation' 1821—1821: Constable paints 'The Hay Wain' 5 touko 1821—5 touko 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena
127	1822	14 kesä 1822—14 kesä 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society
128	1823	1823—1823: New laws concerning marriage by license ? 'very troublesome' according to some the Act was repealed all in a hurry at the beginning of the next session 1823—1823: Peel begins penal reforms ? death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes 1823—1823: Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School 1823—1823: Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 2 joulu 1823—2 joulu 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
129	1824	1824—1824: RSPCA established 1824—1824: Portland cement patented 4 maalis 1824—4 maalis 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the 'National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck' until 1854) 10 touko 1824—10 touko 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
130	1825	4 maalis 1825—4 maalis 1829: John Quincy Adams U.S. Presidency 27 syys 1825—27 syys 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens ? world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains
131	1827	1827—1827: Ohm's Law published
132	1828	25 loka 1828—25 loka 1828: St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
133	1829	1829—1829: London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed 'Bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel 1829—1829: Louis Braille invents his system of finger-reading for the blind 4 maalis 1829—4 maalis 1837: Andrew Jackson U.S. Presidency 10 kesä 1829—10 kesä 1829: First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race 6 loka 1829—6 loka 1829: George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
134	1830	1830—1830: Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium 1830: America's First Steam Locomotive heinä 1830—heinä 1830: Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons ? Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne 15 syys 1830—15 syys 1830: George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington ? first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over!
135	1831	1831—1831: A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled 1 kesä 1831—1 kesä 1831: James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole 1 elo 1831—1 elo 1831: 'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) ? old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
136	1832	1832—1832: Electoral Registers introduced 1832—1832: Electric telegraph invented by Morse 6 huhti 1832—27 elo 1832: Black Hawk War 7 kesä 1832—7 kesä 1832: Reform Bill passed ? Representation of the People Act
137	1833	tammi 1833—tammi 1833: Britain invades the Falkland Islands 29 elo 1833—29 elo 1833: Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
138	1834	1834—1834: Babbage invents forerunner of the computer 18 maalis 1834—18 maalis 1834: 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities 1 touko 1834—1 touko 1834: Slavery abolished in British possessions
139	1835	1835—1835: Christmas becomes a national holiday 1835—1835: First railway boom period starts in Britain construction of Great Western Railway 2 loka 1835—21 huhti 1836: Texas War of Independence
140	1836	1836—1836: First Potato famine in Ireland 30 tammi 1836—30 tammi 1836: Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened ? considered the world's first modern suspension bridge 25 helmi 1836—25 helmi 1836: Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver' 6 maalis 1836—6 maalis 1836: The Alamo falls to Mexican troops - death of Davy Crockett heinä 1836—heinä 1836: Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
141	1837	1837—1837: Pitman introduces his shorthand system 1837—1837: P&O Founded 1837: Victoria Becomes Queen 4 maalis 1837—4 maalis 1841: Martin Van Buren U.S. Presidency 20 kesä 1837—20 kesä 1837: William IV dies - accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901) 1 heinä 1837—1 heinä 1837: Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales - Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834 13 heinä 1837—13 heinä 1837: Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace 20 heinä 1837—20 heinä 1837: Euston Railway station opens - first in London
142	1838	28 kesä 1838—28 kesä 1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey
143	1839	1839—1839: First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) - Britain captures Hong Kong 1839—1839: Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel,thus creating the first true 'bicycle' in the modern Sense 1839—1839: Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber
144	1840	1840—1840: Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain 1840—1840: Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere) 10 tammi 1840—10 tammi 1840: Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
145	1841	1841—1841: Thomas Cook starts package tours 10 helmi 1841—10 helmi 1841: Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp 4 maalis 1841—4 huhti 1841: William Henry Harrison U.S. Presidency 4 huhti 1841—4 maalis 1845: John Tyler U.S. Presidency 6 kesä 1841—6 kesä 1841: June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M)
146	1842	1842—1842: Income Tax reintroduced in Britain 30 maalis 1842—30 maalis 1842: Ether used as an anesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America) 29 elo 1842—29 elo 1842: Treaty of Nanking - End of First Opium War - Britain gains Hong Kong
147	1843	1843—1843: First Christmas card in England 27 touko 1843—27 touko 1843: The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London 19 heinä 1843—19 heinä 1843: Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
148	1844	6 kesä 1844—6 kesä 1844: YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
149	1845	1845—1845: Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham) 4 maalis 1845—4 maalis 1849: James K. Polk U.S. Presidency 17 maalis 1845—17 maalis 1845: The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry
150	1846	25 huhti 1846—2 helmi 1848: Mexican-American War 10 syys 1846—10 syys 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe
151	1847	1847—1847: US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre tammi 1847—tammi 1847: An anesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
152	1848	1848—1848: First commercial production of chewing gum 24 tammi 1848—24 tammi 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California - starts the California gold rush 11 heinä 1848—11 heinä 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens
153	1849	1849—1849: Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation - which finally occurred in 1971! 4 maalis 1849—9 heinä 1850: Zachary Taylor U.S. Presidency
154	1850	9 heinä 1850—4 maalis 1853: Millard Fillmore U.S. Presidency
155	1851	1851—1851: Gold discovered in Australia 1 touko 1851—1 touko 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ('Crystal Palace' exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
156	1852	1852—1852: Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement 1852—1852: Wells Fargo established in USA
157	1853	1853—1853: Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain 4 maalis 1853—4 maalis 1857: Franklin Pierce U.S. Presidency
158	1854	1854—1854: Cigarettes introduced into Britain 27 maalis 1854—27 maalis 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War) 25 loka 1854—25 loka 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade)
159	1856	1856—1856: End of Crimean War 29 tammi 1856—29 tammi 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)
160	1857	1857—1857: Work starts on the laying of the Transatlantic cable 4 maalis 1857—4 maalis 1861: James Buchanan U.S. Presidency
161	1858	1858—1858: 'The great stink' - smell of the River Thames forced Parliament to stop work 1858—1858: Royal Opera House opens in Covent Garden, London
162	1859	1859—1859: Peaceful picketing legalised in Britain 25 huhti 1859—25 huhti 1859: Work started on building the Suez canal (opened 17 Nov 1869) 4 touko 1859—4 touko 1859: Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge opened at Saltash giving rail link between Devon and Cornwall 24 marras 1859—24 marras 1859: Charles Darwin publishes 'The Origin of Species'
163	1860	29 elo 1860—29 elo 1860: First tram service in Europe starts in Birkenhead
164	1861	4 maalis 1861—15 huhti 1865: Abraham Lincoln U.S. Presidency 12 huhti 1861—9 touko 1865: American Civil War 25 touko 1861—25 touko 1861: American Civil War begins
165	1862	1862—1862: Lincoln issues first legal US paper money (Greenbacks) 20 huhti 1862—20 huhti 1862: First pasteurisation test completed by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard
166	1863	1863—1863: Football Association founded (UK) 1863—1863: Opening of state institution for criminally insane at Broadmoor, England 10 tammi 1863—10 tammi 1863: First section of the London Underground Railway opens
167	1864	1864—1864: A man-powered submarine, 'Hunley' sank a Federal steam ship USS Housatonic at the entrance to Charleston harbour in 1864 - the first recorded successful attack by a submarine on a surface ship 11 maalis 1864—11 maalis 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood - over 250 died when a new dam broke while it was being filled for the first time 20 elo 1864—20 elo 1864: Red Cross established - Twelve nations sign the First Geneva Convention 8 joulu 1864—8 joulu 1864: Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon officially opened
168	1865	1865—1865: Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917) becomes first woman doctor in England [she later became the first woman mayor in England, in Aldeburgh 1908] 1865—1865: First concrete roads built in Britain 14 huhti 1865—14 huhti 1865: End of American Civil War - slavery abolished in USA 14 huhti 1865—14 huhti 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth 15 huhti 1865—4 maalis 1869: Andrew Johnson U.S. Presidency 5 heinä 1865—5 heinä 1865: William Booth (1829-1912) founds Salvation Army, in London
169	1867	1 heinä 1867—1 heinä 1867: The British North America Act takes effect, creating the Canadian Confederation
170	1868	1868—1868: Last convicts landed in Australia (Western Australia)
171	1869	1869—1869: Ball bearings, celluloid, margarine, and washing machines, all invented 4 maalis 1869—4 maalis 1877: Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Presidency 23 marras 1869—23 marras 1869: Cutty Sark launched in Dumbarton
172	1870	1870—1870: GPO takes over the privately-owned Telegraph Companies (nationalised) 1870—1870: Dr Thomas Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children 1870—1870: Water closets come into wide use 1870—1870: Diamonds discovered in Kimberley, South Africa 1 loka 1870—1 loka 1870: First British postcard - halfpenny post
173	1871	27 maalis 1871—27 maalis 1871: First Rugby Football international, England v Scotland, played in Edinburgh 29 maalis 1871—29 maalis 1871: Opening of Royal Albert Hall, London 29 kesä 1871—29 kesä 1871: Trades Unions legalised in Britain, but picketing made illegal
174	1872	1872—1872: Licensing hours introduced 1872—1872: Penalties introduced for failing to register births, marriages & deaths (Eng & Wales) 4 joulu 1872—4 joulu 1872: American ship 'Mary Celeste' is found abandoned by the British brig 'Dei Gratia' in the Atlantic Ocean
175	1874	1874—1874: Factory Act introduces 56-hour week 5 huhti 1874—5 huhti 1874: Birkenhead Park opened, said to be the first civic public park in the world - features of it later copied in Central Park, New York
176	1875	1875—1875: London's main sewage system completed 1 tammi 1875—1 tammi 1875: Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger facilities, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies followed during the rest of the year. (Third Class was renamed Second Class in 1956)
177	1876	14 helmi 1876—14 helmi 1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray each file a patent for the telephone - Bell awarded the rights
178	1877	1877—1877: Edison invents microphone and phonograph 4 maalis 1877—4 maalis 1881: Rutherford B. Hayes U.S. Presidency
179	1878	1878—1878: Edison & Swan invent electric lamp 1878—1878: Red Flag Act in Britain limits mechanical road vehicles to 4mph 1878—1878: CID established at New Scotland Yard
180	1879	18 syys 1879—18 syys 1879: Blackpool illuminations switched on for first time
181	1880	1880—1880: Education Act: schooling compulsory for 5-10 year olds 1880—1880: Mosquito found to be the carrier of malaria 2 elo 1880—2 elo 1880: Greenwich Mean Time adopted throughout UK
182	1881	1881—1881: Postal Orders introduced 1881—1881: Flogging abolished in Army and Royal Navy 4 maalis 1881—19 syys 1881: James A. Garfield U.S. Presidency syys 1881—syys 1881: Godalming in Surrey became the first town in England to have a public electricity supply installed (but in 1884 it reverted to gas lighting until 1904) 19 syys 1881—4 maalis 1885: Chester A. Arthur U.S. Presidency 26 loka 1881—26 loka 1881: Gunfight at OK Corral
183	1882	1882—1882: Fourth Eddystone Lighthouse completed
184	1883	1883—1883: Statue of Liberty presented to USA by France 24 touko 1883—24 touko 1883: Brooklyn Bridge, New York opens (crosses East River) 1 elo 1883—1 elo 1883: Parcel post starts in Britain 27 elo 1883—27 elo 1883: Eruption of Krakatoa near Java - 30,000 killed by tidal wave
185	1884	31 touko 1884—31 touko 1884: John Harvey Kellogg patents corn flakes 13 loka 1884—13 loka 1884: Greenwich made prime meridian of the world
186	1885	1885—1885: Carl Benz builds the 'Motorwagen', a single-cylinder motor car 1885—1885: Gottlieb Daimler patents the world's first motorcycle 1885—1885: Eastman makes first coated photographic paper 1885—1885: Canadian Pacific Railway completed maalis 1885—maalis 1885: First UK cremation in modern times took place at Woking 4 maalis 1885—4 maalis 1889: Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency 5 syys 1885—5 syys 1885: The first train runs through the Severn Tunnel 29 syys 1885—29 syys 1885: First electric tramcar used at Blackpool
187	1886	20 tammi 1886—20 tammi 1886: Mersey railway (under Mersey) opened by Prince of Wales touko 1886—touko 1886: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage later named 'Coca-Cola' 29 touko 1886—29 touko 1886: Putney Bridge opens in London
188	1887	1887—1887: Daimler produces a four-wheeled motor car
189	1888	1888—1888: Convention of Constantinople guarantees free maritime passage through Suez Canal in war and peace 1888—1888: Jack the Ripper active in east London during the latter half of the year 1888—1888: County Councils set up in Britain 1888—1888: Dunlop invents pneumatic tyre 1888—1888: First box camera - George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film 20 maalis 1888—20 maalis 1888: Football League formed
190	1889	1889—1889: Celluloid film produced 1889—1889: Dock Strike - docker's won their 'Docker's Tanner' 6 old pennies 4 maalis 1889—4 maalis 1893: Benjamin Harrison U.S. Presidency 31 maalis 1889—31 maalis 1889: Eiffel Tower completed (to mark centenary of French Revolution) 14 touko 1889—14 touko 1889: Children's charity NSPCC launched in London 3 kesä 1889—3 kesä 1889: Canadian Pacific Railway completed from coast to coast 28 syys 1889—28 syys 1889: Length of a metre defined
191	1890	4 maalis 1890—4 maalis 1890: Forth railway bridge opens - took six years to build 4 marras 1890—4 marras 1890: City & South London Railway opens - London's first deep-level tube railway and first major railway in the world to use electric traction
192	1891	1891—1891: Primary education made free and compulsory 18 maalis 1891—18 maalis 1891: First telephone link between London & Paris 4 touko 1891—4 touko 1891: Fictional date when Sherlock Holmes throws Moriarty over Reichenbach Falls, then disappears for 3 years! (published in 1893) 24 elo 1891—24 elo 1891: Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera
193	1892	1892—1892: Electric oven invented 1892—1892: Shop Hours Act - limit 74 hours per week for under-18's 6 loka 1892—6 loka 1892: Alfred Lord Tennyson dies, aged 83, at his house Aldworth, near Haslemere
194	1893	1893—1893: Henry Ford's first car 1893—1893: Zip fastener invented 4 maalis 1893—4 maalis 1897: Grover Cleveland U.S. Presidency
195	1894	1894—1894: Picture postcard introduced in Britain 1 tammi 1894—1 tammi 1894: Manchester Ship Canal opens 1 maalis 1894—1 maalis 1894: Blackpool Tower opens 30 kesä 1894—30 kesä 1894: Tower Bridge first opens 2 elo 1894—2 elo 1894: Death duties first introduced in Britain
196	1895	1895—1895: Sir Henry Wood starts Promenade Concerts in London 12 tammi 1895—12 tammi 1895: The National Trust founded in England 24 touko 1895—24 touko 1895: Henry Irving becomes the first person from the theatre to be knighted 28 touko 1895—28 touko 1895: Oscar Wilde sent to prison 12 heinä 1895—12 heinä 1895: First recorded motor journey of any length (56 miles) in Britain 17 loka 1895—17 loka 1895: First people in Britain to be charged with motor offences - John Henry Knight and James Pullinger of Farnham, Surrey marras 1895—marras 1895: X-rays discovered
197	1896	5 huhti 1896—5 huhti 1896: First modern Olympic Games held in Athens 2 kesä 1896—2 kesä 1896: Guglielmo Marconi receives a British patent (later disputed) for the radio
198	1897	1897—1897: Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector 4 maalis 1897—14 syys 1901: William McKinley U.S. Presidency
199	1898	1898—1898: First photograph using artificial light 1898—1898: Zeppelin builds airship 1898—1898: Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company founded 17 maalis 1898—17 maalis 1898: USS Holland launched, the first practical submarine 21 huhti 1898—13 elo 1989: Spanish-American War 27 kesä 1898—27 kesä 1898: The first solo circumnavigation of the globe completed at Rhode island by Joshua Slocum in Spray (started from Boston, Mass on Apr 24, 1895)
200	1899	4 helmi 1899—2 heinä 1902: Philippine-American War 6 maalis 1899—6 maalis 1899: Aspirin first marketed by Bayer 11 loka 1899—11 loka 1899: Start of Second Boer War 18 loka 1899—7 syys 1901: Boxer Rebellion
201	1900	1900—1900: School leaving age in Britain raised to 14 years 1900—1900: Central Line opens in London: underground is electrified 1900—1900: Escalator shown at Paris exhibition 9 helmi 1900—9 helmi 1900: Davis Cup tennis competition established 27 helmi 1900—27 helmi 1900: Labour Party formed
202	1901	1901—1901: Commonwealth of Australia founded 1901—1901: Hubert Cecil Booth patents the vacuum cleaner 22 tammi 1901—22 tammi 1901: Queen Victoria dies - Edward VII king 2 helmi 1901—2 helmi 1901: Queen Victoria's funeral - interred beside Prince Albert in the Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park kesä 1901—kesä 1901: Denunciation of use of concentration camps by British in Boer War 14 syys 1901—4 maalis 1909: Theodore Roosevelt U.S. Presidency 2 loka 1901—2 loka 1901: Britain's first submarine launched 12 joulu 1901—12 joulu 1901: First successful radio transmission across the Atlantic, by Marconi - Morse code from Cornwall to Newfoundland
203	1902	1902—1902: Balfour's Education Act provides for secondary education 1902—1902: Cremation Act - cremation can only take place at officially recognised establishments, and with two death certificates issued 1902—1902: Marie Curie discovers radioactivity 24 touko 1902—24 touko 1902: Empire Day (later Commonwealth Day) first celebrated 31 touko 1902—31 touko 1902: Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Boer War 9 elo 1902—9 elo 1902: Coronation of Edward VII
204	1903	1903—1903: Workers' Education Association (WEA) formed in Britain 1903—1903: Women's Social and Political Union formed in Britain by Emmeline Pankhurst 1903—1903: Henry Ford sets up his motor company 14 joulu 1903—14 joulu 1903: First flight of Wilbur & Orville Wright 17 joulu 1903: First Flight
205	1904	1904—1904: Leeds University established 8 huhti 1904—8 huhti 1904: France and UK sign the Entente Cordiale 4 touko 1904—4 touko 1904: America takes over construction of the Panama Canal from the French (completed 1914)
206	1905	1905—1905: The title 'Prime Minister' noted in a royal warrant for the first time - placed the Prime Minister in order of precedence in Britain immediately after the Archbishop of York 1905—1905: Aliens Act in Britain: Home Office controls immigration 1905—1905: Germany lays down the first Dreadnought battleship 11 huhti 1905—11 huhti 1905: Einstein publishes Special Theory of Relativity
207	1906	1906—1906: Introduction of free school meals for poor children 10 helmi 1906—10 helmi 1906: Launching of HMS Dreadnought, first turbine-driven battleship 15 maalis 1906—15 maalis 1906: Rolls-Royce Ltd registered 26 touko 1906—26 touko 1906: Vauxhall Bridge opened in London 20 syys 1906—20 syys 1906: Launching of Cunard's RMS Mauretania on the Tyne
208	1907	1907—1907: New Zealand becomes a Dominion 1907—1907: Imperial College, London, is established 1907—1907: First airship flies over London 1907—1907: Lumiere develops a process for colour photography heinä 1907—heinä 1907: Leo Hendrik Baekeland patents Bakelite, the first plastic invented that held its shape after being heated 1 elo 1907—1 elo 1907: Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island 9 marras 1907—9 marras 1907: The Cullinan Diamond presented to Edward VII on his birthday
209	1908	1908—1908: Coal Mines Regulation Act in Britain limits men to an eight hour day 1908—1908: Separate courts for juveniles established in Britain 1908—1908: Lord Baden-Powell starts the Boy Scout movement 1908: Model T 1 heinä 1908—1 heinä 1908: SOS became effective as an international signal of distress 12 elo 1908—12 elo 1908: First 'Model T' Ford made
210	1909	1909—1909: Beveridge Report prompts creation of labour Exchanges 1909—1909: Peary reaches the north pole 1909—1909: First commercial manufacture of Bakelite - start of the plastic age 1 tammi 1909—1 tammi 1909: Old Age Pensions Act came into force 16 tammi 1909—16 tammi 1909: Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole 4 maalis 1909—4 maalis 1913: William Howard Taft U.S. Presidency 15 maalis 1909—15 maalis 1909: Selfridges department store opens in London 25 heinä 1909—25 heinä 1909: Bleriot flies across the Channel (36 minutes, Calais to Dover)
211	1910	1910—1910: Railway strike and coal strikes in Britain 1910—1910: Constitutional crisis in Britain 1910—1910: Dr Crippen caught by radio telegraphy; hanged 23 Nov at Pentonville 1910—1910: Madame Curie isolates radium 1910—1910: Halley's comet reappears 1910—1910: Tango becomes popular in North America and Europe 6 touko 1910—6 touko 1910: Edward VII dies - George V becomes King
212	1911	1911—1911: Parliament Act in Britain reduces the power of the House of Lords 1911—1911: British MPs receive a salary 1911—1911: First British Official Secrets Act 1911—1911: Rutherford: theory of atomic structures 1911—1911: Strikes by seamen, dock and transport workers (1911-1912) 2 huhti 1911—2 huhti 1911: Census: Population - England and Wales: 36 Million; Scotland: 4.6 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 22 kesä 1911—22 kesä 1911: Coronation of George V 14 joulu 1911—14 joulu 1911: National Insurance introduced in Britain
213	1912	1912—1912: Irish Home Rule crisis grows in Britain 1912—1912: Britain nationalises the telephone system 1912—1912: Discovery of the 'Piltdown Man' - hoax, exposed in 1953 18 tammi 1912—18 tammi 1912: Captain Scott's last expedition - he and his team reach the south pole on Jan 18th; all die on the way back, their bodies found in November 14 huhti 1912—14 huhti 1912: The 'unsinkable' Titanic sinks on maiden voyage - loss of 1,513 lives 15 huhti 1912: Titanic Sinks 13 touko 1912—13 touko 1912: Royal Flying Corps (later the RAF) founded in Britain
214	1913	1913—1913: Third Irish Home Rule Bill rejected by House of Lords - threat of civil war in Ireland - formation of Ulster Volunteers to oppose Home Rule 1913—1913: Suffragette demonstrations in London - Mrs Pankhurst imprisoned 1913—1913: Trade Union Act in Britain establishes the right to use Union funds for political purposes 1913—1913: Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley of Sheffield 1913—1913: Geiger invents his counter to measure radioactivity 4 maalis 1913—4 maalis 1921: Woodrow Wilson U.S. Presidency 4 kesä 1913—4 kesä 1913: Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby and dies
215	1914	1914—1914: Irish Home Rule Act provides for a separate Parliament in Ireland; the position of Ulster to be decided after the War 1914—1914: Chaplin and De Mille make their first films 28 kesä 1914—28 kesä 1914: Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo 28 heinä 1914—11 marras 1918: World War I 4 elo 1914—4 elo 1914: Britain declares war on Germany, citing Belgian neutrality as reason 5 elo 1914—5 elo 1914: British cableship Telconia cut through all five of Germany's undersea telegraph links to the outside world 15 elo 1914—15 elo 1914: Panama Canal opened, the Canal cement boat 'Ancon' making the first official transit (plans for a grand opening were cancelled due to the start of WW1) loka 1914—loka 1914: Battle of Ypres - beginning of trench warfare on western front 27 marras 1914—27 marras 1914: First policewoman goes on duty in Britain 16 joulu 1914—16 joulu 1914: German battleships bombard Hartlepool and Scarborough
216	1915	1915—1915: Junkers construct first fighter aeroplane 1915—1915: First automatic telephone exchange in Britain 19 tammi 1915—19 tammi 1915: First Zeppelin air raid on England, over East Anglia - four killed helmi 1915—helmi 1915: Submarine blockade of Britain starts huhti 1915—huhti 1915: Second Battle of Ypres - poison gas used for first time 25 huhti 1915—25 huhti 1915: Gallipoli campaign starts (declared ANZAC Day in 1916) 7 touko 1915—7 touko 1915: RMS Lusitania sunk by German submarine off coast of Ireland - 1,198 died 16 touko 1915—16 touko 1915: First meeting of a British WI (Women's Institute) took place in Llanfairpwll (aka Llanfair PG), Anglesey
217	1916	1916—1916: Compulsory military service introduced in Britain helmi 1916—helmi 1916: Battle of Verdun - appalling losses on both sides, stalemate continues 24 huhti 1916—24 huhti 1916: Easter Rising in Ireland - after the leaders are executed, public opinion backs independence 21 touko 1916—21 touko 1916: First use of Daylight Saving Time in UK 31 touko 1916—31 touko 1916: Battle of Jutland - only major naval battle between the British and German fleets 5 kesä 1916—5 kesä 1916: Sinking of HMS Hampshire and death of Kitchener 3 elo 1916—3 elo 1916: Sir Roger Casement hanged at Pentonville Prison for treason 15 syys 1916—15 syys 1916: First use of tanks in battle, but of limited effect (Battle of the Somme 1 July to 18 Nov: over 1 million casualties) 7 joulu 1916—7 joulu 1916: Lloyd-George becomes British Prime Minister of the coalition government
218	1917	1917—1917: Battle of Cambrai - first use of massed tanks, but effect more psychological than actual 1917—1917: Ministry of Labour is established in Britain helmi 1917—helmi 1917: February revolution in Russia; Tsar Nicholas abdicates 16 huhti 1917—16 huhti 1917: Lenin returns to Russia after exile 17 huhti 1917—17 huhti 1917: USA declares war on Germany 26 touko 1917—26 touko 1917: George V changes surname from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor (Royal proclamation on 17 July) heinä 1917—heinä 1917: Battle of Passchendaele - little gained by either side (Jul-Nov) 7 marras 1917—7 marras 1917: 'October' Revolution in Russia - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government; Lenin becomes Chief Commissar 6 joulu 1917—6 joulu 1917: Halifax (Nova Scotia) Explosion, one of the world's largest artificial non-nuclear explosions to date: a ship loaded with wartime explosives blew up after a collision, obliterating buildings and structures within two square kilometres of the explosion 9 joulu 1917—9 joulu 1917: British forces capture Jerusalem
219	1918	1918—1918: Vote for women over 30, men over 21 (except peers, lunatics and felons) 1918—1918: War of Independence in Ireland 18 tammi 1918—18 tammi 1918: Bentley Motors founded 8 maalis 1918—8 maalis 1918: Start of world-wide 'flu pandemic heinä 1918—heinä 1918: Second Battle of the Marne: last major German offensive in WW1 (Jul-Aug) 1 loka 1918—1 loka 1918: Arab forces under Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus 11 marras 1918—11 marras 1918: Armistice signed joulu 1918—joulu 1918: First woman elected to House of Commons, Countess Markiewicz as a Sinn Fein member refused to take her seat
220	1919	1919—1919: Britain adopts a 48-hour working week 1919—1919: Sir Ernest Rutherford publishes account of splitting the atom 15 kesä 1919—15 kesä 1919: Alcock and Brown complete first nonstop flight across the Atlantic 28 kesä 1919—28 kesä 1919: Treaty of Versailles signed
221	1920	1920—1920: Regular cross-channel air service starts 1920—1920: Marconi opens a radio broadcasting station in Britain 1920—1920: Thompson patents his machine gun (Tommy gun) helmi 1920—helmi 1920: First roadside petrol filling station in UK - opened by the Automobile Association at Aldermaston on the Bath Road
222	1921	1921—1921: Railway Act in Britain amalgamates companies - only four remained 1921—1921: Insulin discovery announced 1921—1921: First birth control clinic 4 maalis 1921—2 elo 1923: Warren G. Harding U.S. Presidency 19 kesä 1921—19 kesä 1921: Census: Population - England and Wales: 37.9 Million; Scotland: 4.9 Million; N Ireland: 1.25 Million 6 joulu 1921—6 joulu 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty signed in London, leading to the formation of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland
223	1922	1922—1922: Law of Property Act - the manorial system effectively ended 1 kesä 1922—1 kesä 1922: Royal Ulster Constabulary founded loka 1922—loka 1922: BBC established as a monopoly, and begins transmissions in November (2LO in London on 14 Nov; 5IT in Birmingham and 2ZY in Manchester on 15 Nov)
224	1923	1923—1923: Roads in Great Britain classified with A and B numbers 1923—1923: Hubble shows there are galaxies beyond the Milky Way 1923—1923: First American broadcasts heard in Britain 1 tammi 1923—1 tammi 1923: The majority of the railway companies in Great Britain grouped into four main companies, the Big Four: LNER, GWR, SR, LMSR - lasted until nationalisation in 1948 16 helmi 1923—16 helmi 1923: Howard Carter unsealed the burial chamber of Tutankhamun 28 huhti 1923—28 huhti 1923: First Wembley cup final (West Ham 0, Bolton 2) - 'I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles ' popular song of the time became the West Ham anthem 2 elo 1923—4 maalis 1929: Calvin Coolidge U.S. Presidency 28 syys 1923—28 syys 1923: First publication of Radio Times
225	1924	4 tammi 1924—4 tammi 1924: First Labour government in Britain, headed by Ramsay MacDonald 5 helmi 1924—5 helmi 1924: Hourly Greenwich Time Signals from the Royal Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast by the BBC 31 maalis 1924—31 maalis 1924: British Imperial Airways begins operations (formed by merger of four British airline companies - became BOAC in 1940)
226	1925	1925—1925: Britain returns to gold standard 18 heinä 1925—18 heinä 1925: Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf
227	1926	1926—1926: First public demonstration of television (TV) by John Logie Baird 1926—1926: Adoption of children is legalised in Britain 1926—1926: Kodak produces 16mm movie film 1926—1926: Walt Disney arrives in Hollywood 21 huhti 1926—21 huhti 1926: Princess Elizabeth born 3 touko 1926—3 touko 1926: General Strike begins. Lasts until May 12 (mine workers for 6 months more) 31 loka 1926—31 loka 1926: Death of Harry Houdini
228	1927	1927—1927: Release of the first 'talkie' film (The Jazz Singer) 7 tammi 1927—7 tammi 1927: First transatlantic telephone call - New York City to London 22 tammi 1927—22 tammi 1927: First football broadcast by BBC (Arsenal v Sheffield United at Highbury) 1 touko 1927—1 touko 1927: First cooked meals on a scheduled flight introduced by Imperial Airways from London to Paris 20 touko 1927—20 touko 1927: Lindbergh makes solo flight across the Atlantic, in 33? hours 31 touko 1927—31 touko 1927: Last Ford Model T rolls off assembly line 24 heinä 1927—24 heinä 1927: The Menin Gate war memorial unveiled at Ypres