Timeline: Helen Stewart: Our Family History

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Abt 1509 -

	Date	Event(s)
1	1509	1509—1509: Naturalisation papers start in England 22 Apr 1509—22 Apr 1509: Henry VIII becomes king of England (to 1547) at 17 years old 11 Jun 1509—11 Jun 1509: Henry VIII marries Catherine of Aragon
2	1512	1512—1512: The Auld Alliance' treaty with France - all Scottish citizens became French and vice versa 1512—1512: Admiralty founded in London Nov 1512—Nov 1512: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, exhibited to the public for the first time
3	1513	16 Aug 1513—16 Aug 1513: Battle of the Spurs - English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French force at Guinegate 9 Sep 1513—9 Sep 1513: Battle of Flodden, defeat of Scottish Army - death of King James IV of Scots
4	1514	1514—1514: Recording of Testaments (wills) begins in Scotland
5	1515	15 Nov 1515—15 Nov 1515: Thomas Wolsley invested as Cardinal
6	1516	1516—1516: Thomas More writes Utopia'
7	1517	31 Oct 1517—31 Oct 1517: Martin Luther fixes his 95 theses on church door at Wittenburg - regarded as start of the Reformation
8	1518	1518—1518: Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact between the major European nations: France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy and the Netherlands - sponsored by Cardinal Wolsey
9	1520	Nov 1520—Nov 1520: Three ships under the command of Ferdinand Magellan negotiate the Strait of Magellan, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
10	1521	17 Apr 1521—17 Apr 1521: Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings 17 May 1521—17 May 1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for treason 25 May 1521—25 May 1521: Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw
11	1522	6 Sep 1522—6 Sep 1522: The Victoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, becomes the first ship known to circumnavigate the world
12	1525	1525—1525: New Testament translated into English by William Tyndale
13	1527	1527—1527: Bishop Vesey's Grammar School founded in Sutton Coldfield
14	1528	1528—1528: St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed
15	1531	11 Feb 1531—11 Feb 1531: Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church of England
16	1532	1532—1532: Foundation of the Court of Session in Scotland
17	1533	25 Jan 1533—25 Jan 1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn secretly, wife #2 (she was crowned as Queen on 1st June) 30 Mar 1533—30 Mar 1533: Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 23 May 1533—23 May 1533: Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon officially declared annulled 11 Jul 1533—11 Jul 1533: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII 17 Sep 1533—17 Sep 1533: Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter Elizabeth, to become Queen Elizabeth I
18	1534	1534—1534: Reformation of the Catholic Church in England church (Henry VIII)
19	1535	1535—1535: Sir Thomas More executed
20	1536	1536—1536: Wales and England legally united by the Laws in Wales Act of 1535 1536—1536: Dissolution of monasteries starts in England (to 1540) 19 May 1536—19 May 1536: Anne Boleyn executed 30 May 1536—30 May 1536: Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, wife #3 (she was crowned as Queen on 29th October) 18 Jul 1536—18 Jul 1536: The authority of the Pope is declared void in England
21	1537	24 Oct 1537—24 Oct 1537: Jane Seymour dies from complications in giving birth to a son, the future Edward VI
22	1538	1538—1538: Henry VIII issues English Bible 1538—1538: English and Welsh parish registers start 17 Dec 1538—17 Dec 1538: Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Paul III
23	1540	1540—1540: Statute of Wills allows freehold land to be bequeathed 6 Jan 1540—6 Jan 1540: Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, the 'Flanders Mare', wife #4 9 Feb 1540—9 Feb 1540: First recorded horse racing event in Britain, at Chester 9 Jul 1540—9 Jul 1540: Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves 28 Jul 1540—28 Jul 1540: Thomas Cromwell executed; Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard the same day, wife #5
24	1541	1541—1541: Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland
25	1542	13 Feb 1542—13 Feb 1542: Catherine Howard executed 14 Dec 1542—14 Dec 1542: Death of King James V of Scots; his baby daughter Mary ?Queen of Scots' succeeds him just 6 days old
26	1543	12 Jul 1543—12 Jul 1543: Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, wife #6, who survives him 9 Sep 1543—9 Sep 1543: Mary Stuart, at nine months old, is officially crowned Queen of Scots' in Stirling (spelling of the royal house changes from Stewart to Stuart)
27	1544	1544—1544: Henry's VIII's Rough Wooing' of the Scottish Borders 1544—1544: Mary of Guise, Regent of Scotland
28	1545	20 Jul 1545—20 Jul 1545: Mary Rose, flagship of Henry VIII, sinks in the Solent - raised in 1982
29	1546	1546—1546: Trinity College, Cambridge founded by Henry VIII
30	1547	1547—1547: Ivan the Terrible takes title 'Tsar of all the Russias' 1547—1547: Vagrants Act passed (able-bodied tramps can be detained as slaves) 1547—1547: English replaced Latin in church services in England and Wales 28 Jan 1547—28 Jan 1547: Death of Henry VIII (succeeded by Edward VI, aged 9, to 1553) 20 Feb 1547—20 Feb 1547: Coronation of Edward VI in Westminster Abbey 10 Sep 1547—10 Sep 1547: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, said to be the first 'modern' battle to be fought in the British Isles
31	1548	1548—1548: Priests in England allowed to marry (about a third then did so) - but see 1554
32	1549	1549—1549: English Parliament declares enclosures legal 1549—1549: First Act of Uniformity in England made Catholic Mass illegal 1549—1549: Wedding ring finger changed from right to left hand 9 Jun 1549—9 Jun 1549: First Book of Common Prayer sanctioned by English Parliament
33	1550	1550—1550: Walloon Protestants arrive as refugees from the Low Countries
34	1551	1551—1551: Scotland: General Provincial Council orders each parish to keep a register of baptisms and banns of marriage
35	1552	Mar 1552—Mar 1552: An 'Act of Uniformity' imposes the Protestant prayerbook of 1552 in England
36	1553	6 Jul 1553—6 Jul 1553: Edward VI dies; Lady Jane Grey queen for a few days only 19 Jul 1553—19 Jul 1553: Mary Tudor ('Bloody Mary') comes to the throne
37	1554	1554—1554: Brief Catholic restoration under Queen Mary Tudor - married priests forced to separate at least 30 miles from their wives 12 Feb 1554—12 Feb 1554: Lady Jane Grey beheaded
38	1556	21 Mar 1556—21 Mar 1556: Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake in Oxford
39	1558	1558—1558: System of Counties adopted 1558—1558: Scottish parish registers start 7 Jan 1558—7 Jan 1558: French take Calais, last English possession in France 24 Apr 1558—24 Apr 1558: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Fran?ois the Dauphin of France in Paris 17 Nov 1558—17 Nov 1558: Queen Mary Tudor of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth - Protestantism restored in England
40	1559	1559—1559: Tobacco introduced to Europe 1559—1559: John Knox returns from Continent - strengthens case for Presbyterianism in Scotland 15 Jan 1559—15 Jan 1559: Elizabeth crowned in Westminster Abbey by Owen Oglethorpe, the Bishop of Carlisle 29 Apr 1559—29 Apr 1559: Acts of Supremacy passed in Parliament, ending papal jurisdiction over England & Wales; established Church of England
41	1560	1560—1560: Establishment of Protestantism in Scotland - commissary courts thrown into confusion - some records lost 27 Feb 1560—27 Feb 1560: Treaty of Berwick between Duc du Chatelherault (as governor of Scotland) and the English, agreeing to act jointly to expel the French from Scotland
42	1561	1561—1561: Spire of St Paul's, highest in England, destroyed by fire 1561—1561: The first coins produced by machinery (known as a 'mill') rather than by hand, but it was a slow process and did not replace hand struck coinage until new machinery was introduced in 1663
43	1562	1562—1562: Earliest English slave-trading expedition, under John Hawkins - between Guinea and the West Indies
44	1563	28 Jul 1563—28 Jul 1563: The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege
45	1564	26 Apr 1564—26 Apr 1564: Shakespeare baptised - he is said to have been born on Apr 23, St George's Day; he certainly died on Apr 23, 1616
46	1565	29 Jul 1565—29 Jul 1565: Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin
47	1566	9 Mar 1566—9 Mar 1566: Murder of David Riccio (or Rizzio) in Holyrood House
48	1567	10 Feb 1567—10 Feb 1567: Murder of Darnley outside Holyrood House in an explosion 15 May 1567—15 May 1567: Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell 24 Jul 1567—24 Jul 1567: Mary Queen of Scots deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son James VI
49	1568	13 May 1568—13 May 1568: Battle of Langside - Mary's flight to England and her imprisonment by Queen Elizabeth I
50	1569	1569—1569: Elizabeth I approved Sunday sports
51	1570	25 Feb 1570—25 Feb 1570: Pope Pius V issued the papal bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' to excommunicate Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of England
52	1571	1571—1571: Presbyterianism introduced into England by Thomas Cartwright 1571—1571: Repeal of Act prohibiting lending of money on interest - gradual change from 'subsistence economy' to 'cash economy' resulted 1571—1571: Beginning of penal legislation against Catholics in England 23 Jan 1571—23 Jan 1571: Opening of the Royal Exchange in London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham - this building destroyed in Great Fire of London 1666
53	1577	1577—1577: James Burbage opens first theatre in London
54	1579	1579—1579: Act of Uniformity in matters of religion enforced
55	1580	1580—1580: Congregational movement founded by Robert Browne about this time 1580—1580: Colonisation of Ireland 6 Apr 1580—6 Apr 1580: Dover Straits earthquake, largest in the recorded history of England, mentioned by Shakespeare - dozens of ships sunk and a tsunami hit Calais
56	1581	1581—1581: English Levant Company founded 16 Jan 1581—16 Jan 1581: English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism 4 Apr 1581—4 Apr 1581: Francis Drake knighted by Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind after circumnavigating the world
57	1583	1583—1583: University of Edinburgh founded 1583—1583: Foundation of Cambridge University Press by Thomas Thomas Aug 1583—Aug 1583: Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempts to establish English authority at St John's, Newfoundland
58	1584	4 Jun 1584—4 Jun 1584: Sir Walter Raleigh establishes first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island, Virginia (now in North Carolina) - the so-called 'Lost Colony'
59	1585	1585—1585: Foundation of Oxford University Press
60	1587	1587—1587: Introduction of potatoes to England 8 Feb 1587—8 Feb 1587: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle, near Peterborough 19 Apr 1587—19 Apr 1587: Sir Francis Drake sinks the Spanish fleet in Cadiz harbour 11 Aug 1587—11 Aug 1587: Raleigh's second expedition to New World lands in North Carolina - first child born in the New World of English parents was Virginia Dare (Aug 18)
61	1588	1588—1588: Invention of shorthand by Dr Timothy Bright 19 Jul 1588—19 Jul 1588: Spanish Armada sighted off the Lizard (had set sail from Lisbon in late May) 29 Jul 1588—29 Jul 1588: Defeat of Spanish Armada off Gravelines
62	1591	1591—1591: Trinity College, Dublin, founded
63	1592	1592—1592: A Congregational (or Independent) Church formed in London 1592—1592: Scotland: Presbyterian Church formally established - all ministers equal - no bishops - secular commissaries appointed by the Crown
64	1593	1593—1593: British statute mile established by law
65	1594	1594—1594: Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads Irish rebellion against English rule (-1603)
66	1597	1597—1597: Poor Law Act for erection of parish workhouses for the Poor - Poor Rate collection allowed
67	1598	1598—1598: Bishop's transcripts of English and Welsh parish registers start - parish records were to be kept in 'great decent books of parchment' and copies or 'Bishop's Transcripts' of new entries were to be sent each month to the diocesan centre
68	1600	1 Jan 1600—1 Jan 1600: Scotland adopts New Year beginning 1st January (previously 25th March) 31 Dec 1600—31 Dec 1600: British East India Company founded
69	1601	1601—1601: Great English Poor Law Act passed 1601—1601: First use of fruit juice as a preventative for scurvy by James Lancaster
70	1602	20 Mar 1602—20 Mar 1602: Dutch East India Company founded 8 Nov 1602—8 Nov 1602: Bodleian Library at Oxford University opened to the public
71	1603	24 Mar 1603—24 Mar 1603: Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns - under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d. 1625) 25 Jul 1603—25 Jul 1603: Coronation - James VI of Scotland is crowned first king of Great Britain
72	1604	1 Nov 1604—1 Nov 1604: Shakespeare: Othello' first presented
73	1605	5 Nov 1605—5 Nov 1605: Gunpowder plot at Westminster (Guy Fawkes, etc)
74	1606	1606—1606: The London Company chartered to colonise Virginia: the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery leave England on 19th De c taking 144 days to reach America 1606—1606: Episcopacy established in Scotland (against wishes of the Scots) 31 Jan 1606—31 Jan 1606: Guy Fawkes and co-conspirators executed 12 Mar 1606—12 Mar 1606: Adoption of Union Flag as the flag of Great Britain' (the term Union Jack is used officially only when the Union Flag is flown from the Jack Mast of a Royal Naval vessel)
75	1607	14 May 1607—14 May 1607: Jamestown, Virginia settled - to become the first permanent British colony in North America
76	1608	1608—1608: First use of telescope by Galileo - he observed the moons of Jupiter two years later in Jan 1610
77	1610	1610—1610: James VI & I established the Episcopal Church in Scotland - Prebyterians persecuted and many of their records lost
78	1611	1611—1611: Authorised (King James) Version of Bible in Britain 22 May 1611—22 May 1611: James VI & I created the title of baronet
79	1613	1613—1613: A copper farthing was produced, as a silver coin would be too small 29 Jun 1613—29 Jun 1613: The Globe Theatre in London burns during a performance of Henry the Eighth (finally pulled down in 1644)
80	1616	23 Apr 1616—23 Apr 1616: Tuesday Apr 23 (Julian calendar): Death of Shakespeare
81	1618	1618—1618: Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I
82	1619	4 Dec 1619—4 Dec 1619: (Nov 24 old style): Colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by many to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas)