Gilbert Kennedy

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• FamilySearch ID: LHGQ-BDP
• Initiatory (LDS): 9 Jul 2002, OGDEN

Gilbert married Lady Margaret Glames in 1648 in Girvan, Ayrshire, Scotland. Margaret (daughter of Glames and Jean Fleming) was born in 1629 in Girvan, Ayrshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: G4YN-M7X
• Initiatory (LDS): 3 Aug 2021, LOGAN

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• FamilySearch ID: LWJP-ZKB
• Initiatory (LDS): 13 Apr 1999, ORLAN

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• FamilySearch ID: M36W-5P7
• Initiatory (LDS): 29 Jan 2004, SLAKE

Thomas married Mary Sophia Lannigan in 1690 in Ireland. Mary was born in 1673 in Ulster, County Donegal, Ulster, Ireland; died in 1730 in County Londonderry, Ulster, Ireland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LV8N-KH5
• Initiatory (LDS): 3 Sep 2015, TWINF

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• FamilySearch ID: L6BT-7NC
• Initiatory (LDS): 31 Jan 1939, SLAKE

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• FamilySearch ID: LV8N-KRV
• Initiatory (LDS): 25 Aug 2015, TWINF

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• FamilySearch ID: KHGG-8L1
• Initiatory (LDS): 31 Oct 2002, SLOUI

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• FamilySearch ID: L6RC-FCH
• Initiatory (LDS): 18 Nov 2014, LVEGA

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• FamilySearch ID: GK3D-4P6
• Initiatory (LDS): 22 Jan 2003, JRIVE

Notes:

Ordained by the Presbytery of Tyrone, Sept 9, 1700
Biographical annals of Franklin County, pg 40

Family/Spouse: Rose Elizabeth Davis. Rose (daughter of John Francis Fitzgerald Davis) was born in 1706; died in 1790. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LBR8-SYT
• Initiatory (LDS): 20 Oct 1947, SLAKE

John married Bridget Lily Swallow in 1760 in Dunganstown, County Wexford, Ireland. Bridget (daughter of Joseph Swallow and Mary McFarland) was born in 1742 in Dublin, County Dublin, Leinster, Ireland; died on 17 Jul 1774 in Dublin, County Dublin, Leinster, Ireland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LCZ5-JVM
• Initiatory (LDS): 2 Sep 2008, BOISE

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• FamilySearch ID: LRG3-FJ2
• Initiatory (LDS): 23 Sep 1936, SLAKE

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• FamilySearch ID: G7MX-2M2
• Initiatory (LDS): 19 Jan 2008, WASHI

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• FamilySearch ID: L23F-9QB
• Initiatory (LDS): 25 Feb 2016, MTIMP

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• FamilySearch ID: LZJ1-SB4
• Initiatory (LDS): 30 May 1934, ARIZO

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• FamilySearch ID: LRG3-FJ2
• Initiatory (LDS): 13 Jul 2018, FRESN

James married Mary Joanna Davis in 1798 in Ireland. Mary (daughter of Davis and Sally Orpha Moore) was born in 1779 in Duganstown, County Carlow, Leinster, Ireland; died on 16 Feb 1835 in Ireland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LJJX-7N5
• Initiatory (LDS): 16 Feb 2018, MTIMP

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• FamilySearch ID: L78G-MWH
• Initiatory (LDS): 1 Oct 2008, MTIMP

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• FamilySearch ID: KPW9-YJY
• Initiatory (LDS): 1 Oct 2008, MTIMP

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• FamilySearch ID: G45D-S4Z
• Initiatory (LDS): 18 Oct 2017, MTIMP

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• FamilySearch ID: LCVQ-NGT
• Initiatory (LDS): 27 May 1938

Patrick married Bridget Murphy on 26 Sep 1849 in Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States. Bridget (daughter of Richard Murphy and Mary Barron) was born in 1821 in Dunganstown, County Wexford, Ireland; died on 20 Dec 1888 in Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States; was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, Malden, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LYC7-WSH
• Initiatory (LDS): 25 Jun 2019, OGDEN

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• Initiatory (LDS): COMPLETED, PROVO
• FamilySearch ID: KZ2X-SKM

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• Initiatory (LDS): COMPLETED, PROVO
• FamilySearch ID: KGK2-SFX

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• Initiatory (LDS): Not Needed
• FamilySearch ID: LRG3-41R

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• Initiatory (LDS): COMPLETED, PROVO
• FamilySearch ID: LH6W-6YM

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• FamilySearch ID: L89N-K62

Patrick married Mary Augusta Hickey on 23 Nov 1887 in Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States. Mary (daughter of James Hickey and Margaret Martha Hickey Field) was born on 6 Dec 1857 in Winthrop, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States; died on 20 May 1923 in Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States; was buried on 21 May 1923 in Malden, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• Initiatory (LDS): Not Needed
• FamilySearch ID: 9XFJ-BQJ

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• FamilySearch ID: L89N-K6J

Notes:

Born in 1888, the grandson of an Irish immigrant, Joseph Patrick Kenne d y had an enormous drive to acquire both fame and fortune, from the tim e h e was a school boy he was interested in making money. He had an inter esti ng hobby of tinkering with clocks. Joe was a poor student, but goo d at at hletics and had an attractive personality. He was able to overcom e many e thnic barriers during his school years at Boston Latin, a protes tant an d primarily Yankee school. Was one of the youngest Bank President s in U S history. He was fiercely proud of his family. He was quoted as h aving s aid his family was the finest thing in his life. His often cite d goal wa s to be a millionaire by the age of 35. Within a year and a ha lf of grad uating from Harvard College, he had progressed from bank cler k through ba nk examiner to bank president and was on his way. Publicit y from bein g the youngest U. S. bank president opened doors to other opp ortunities . Soon his financial enterprises embraced real estate, the sto ck market a nd motion pictures. Kennedy's accumulated wealth by 1929 ena bled him t o establish one million dollar trust funds for each of his chi ldren. I n the 1930's he began to put his intelligence, personality an d money int o politics. His involvement in Roosevelt's inner circle duri ng the presi dential campaign led him to believe he would receive a cabin et post. Alth ough that never materialized, he was chosen to head the new ly created Sec urities and Exchange Commission, the regulatory body set u p to govern th e financial community. Later, he headed the Maritime Comm ission. However , his most famous appointment was that of ambassador to t he Court of Sain t James. He served from 1937 until 1940 when he retire d from public serv ice and returned to the business world. In 1961 he suf fered a debilitatin g stroke followed by relapses and heart attacks tha t left him virtually i ncapacitated until his death in 1969.

Joseph married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald on 7 Oct 1914 in Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States. Rose (daughter of John Francis Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine Hannon) was born on 22 Jul 1890 in Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States; died on 22 Jan 1995 in Hyannis Port, Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States; was buried on 25 Jan 1995 in Holyhood Cemetery, Brookline, Norfolk, Massachusetts, United States. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Initiatory (LDS): Not Needed
• FamilySearch ID: L4J1-QGH

Other Events and Attributes:

• Initiatory (LDS): COMPLETED, PROVO
• FamilySearch ID: LYHC-Q6S

Other Events and Attributes:

• Initiatory (LDS): COMPLETED
• FamilySearch ID: K6S9-BCF

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• FamilySearch ID: LZNR-G5K

Notes:

Lt. Kennedy went on a special mission to pilot an unmanned robot plane , t hat will be later piloted by radio from another aircraft. Joe and his , co -pilot were to parachute out and be recovered on the ground while, t he ot her planes guided the drone, to a German V-2 rocket-launching, sit e in No rmandy. T, Kennedy and his co-pilot Lt. Willy.

Joseph Patrick was well liked, quick to smile, and had a tremendous do s e of Irish charm.

He enlisted in the Navy during World War II, and died during a naval fli g ht.

He was known as Jack.

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: L89N-K6Q
• Initiatory (LDS): 1 Oct 2002, PORTL

Notes:

John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States (1961-1963 ) , the youngest man elected to the office. On November 22, 1963, when h e w as hardly past his first thousand days in office, JFK was assassinate d i n Dallas, Texas, becoming also the youngest President to die.

On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand day s i n office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassin’s bullet s a s his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the younges t ma n elected President; he was the youngest to die.

Of Irish descent, he was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 19 1 7. Graduating from Harvard in 1940, he entered the Navy. In 1943, whe n hi s PT boat was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer, Kennedy, desp ite g rave injuries, led the survivors through perilous waters to safety.

Back from the war, he became a Democratic Congressman from the Boston ar e a, advancing in 1953 to the Senate. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on Se pt ember 12, 1953. In 1955, while recuperating from a back operation, h e wro te Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history.

In 1956 Kennedy almost gained the Democratic nomination for Vice Preside n t, and four years later was a first-ballot nominee for President. Milli on s watched his television debates with the Republican candidate, Richar d M . Nixon. Winning by a narrow margin in the popular vote, Kennedy beca me t he first Roman Catholic President.

His Inaugural Address offered the memorable injunction: “Ask not what yo u r country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country.” As Pres id ent, he set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get America moving ag ain . His economic programs launched the country on its longest sustaine d exp ansion since World War II; before his death, he laid plans for a ma ssiv e assault on persisting pockets of privation and poverty.

Responding to ever more urgent demands, he took vigorous action in the c a use of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation. His visi o n of America extended to the quality of the national culture and the ce nt ral role of the arts in a vital society.

He wished America to resume its old mission as the first nation dedicat e d to the revolution of human rights. With the Alliance for Progress an d t he Peace Corps, he brought American idealism to the aid of developin g nat ions. But the hard reality of the Communist challenge remained.

Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy permitted a band of Cuban exile s , already armed and trained, to invade their homeland. The attempt to o ve rthrow the regime of Fidel Castro was a failure. Soon thereafter, th e Sov iet Union renewed its campaign against West Berlin. Kennedy replie d by re inforcing the Berlin garrison and increasing the Nation’s militar y streng th, including new efforts in outer space. Confronted by this rea ction, Mo scow, after the erection of the Berlin Wall, relaxed its pressu re in cent ral Europe.

Instead, the Russians now sought to install nuclear missiles in Cuba. Wh e n this was discovered by air reconnaissance in October 1962, Kennedy im po sed a quarantine on all offensive weapons bound for Cuba. While the wo rl d trembled on the brink of nuclear war, the Russians backed down and a gre ed to take the missiles away. The American response to the Cuban cris is e vidently persuaded Moscow of the futility of nuclear blackmail.

Kennedy now contended that both sides had a vital interest in stopping t h e spread of nuclear weapons and slowing the arms race–a contention whi c h led to the test ban treaty of 1963. The months after the Cuban crisi s s howed significant progress toward his goal of “a world of law and fre e ch oice, banishing the world of war and coercion.” His administration t hus s aw the beginning of new hope for both the equal rights of American s and t he peace of the world.

John married Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier on 12 Sep 1953 in Newport, Newport, Rhode Island, United States. Jacqueline (daughter of John Vernou Bouvier and Janet Norton Lee) was born on 28 Jul 1929 in Southampton, Suffolk, New York, United States; died on 19 May 1994 in Manhattan, New York, New York, United States; was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia, United States. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LZNR-GPG

Notes:

Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) w a s the eldest daughter born to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgeral d K ennedy. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy and Senators Ro ber t F. and Ted Kennedy.

In her early young adult years, Rosemary Kennedy experienced seizures a n d violent mood swings. In response to these issues, her father arrang e d a prefrontal lobotomy for her in 1941 when she was 23 years of age; t h e procedure left her permanently incapacitated and rendered her unabl e t o speak intelligibly.

Rosemary Kennedy spent most of the rest of her life being cared for at S t . Coletta, an institution in Jefferson, Wisconsin. The truth about he r si tuation and whereabouts was kept secret for decades. While she was i nitia lly isolated from her siblings and extended family following her lo botomy , Rosemary did go on to visit them during her later life.

Born at her parents' home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the thi r d child and first daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgeral d . She was named after her mother and was commonly called Rosemary or Ro si e. During her birth, the doctor was not immediately available becaus e o f an outbreak to the Spanish influenza epidemic and the nurse ordere d Ros e Kennedy to keep her legs closed, forcing the baby's head to sta y in th e birth canal for two hours. The action resulted in a harmful los s of oxy gen. As Rosemary began to grow, her parents noticed she was no t reachin g the basic development steps an infant or a toddler normally r eaches a t a certain month or year. At two years old, she had a hard tim e sittin g up, crawling, and learning to walk.

Accounts of Rosemary's life indicated that she was intellectually disabl e d, although some have raised questions about the Kennedys' accounts o f th e nature and scope of her disability. A biographer wrote that Rose K enned y did not confide in her friends and that she pretended her daughte r wa s developing typically, with relatives other than the immediate fami ly kn owing nothing of Rosemary's reported low IQ. Despite the help of tu tors , Rosemary had trouble learning to read and write. At age 11, she wa s sen t to a Pennsylvania boarding school for the intellectually disabled .

At age 15, Rosemary was sent to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Pr o vidence, Rhode Island, where she was educated separately from the othe r s tudents. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with he r al l day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new te nni s court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counti ng s kills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level. During this perio d, he r mother arranged for her older brother John to accompany her t o a tea-da nce. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" durin g the dance.

Rosemary read few books but could read Winnie-the-Pooh. Diaries writte n b y her in the late 1930s, and published in the 1980s, reveal a young w oma n whose life was filled with outings to the opera, tea dances, dres s fitt ings, and other social interests. Kennedy accompanied her family t o the c oronation of Pope Pius XII in Rome in 1939. She also visited th e White Ho use. Kennedy's parents told Woman's Day that she was "studyin g to be a ki ndergarten teacher," and Parents was told that while she ha d "an interes t in social welfare work, she is said to harbor a secret lo nging to go o n the stage." When The Boston Globe requested an intervie w with Rosemary , her father's assistant prepared a response which Rosema ry copied out la boriously:

I have always had serious tastes and understand life is not given u s j ust for enjoyment. For some time past, I have been studying the wel l know n psychological method of Dr. Maria Montessori and I got my degre e in tea ching last year.

In 1938, Kennedy was presented to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth a t B uckingham Palace during her father's service as the United States Amb assa dor to the United Kingdom. Kennedy practiced the complicated royal c urts y for hours. At the event, she tripped and nearly fell. Rose Kenned y neve r discussed the incident and treated the debut as a triumph. The c rowd ma de no sign, and the King and the Queen smiled as if nothing had h appened.

According to Rosemary's sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver, when Rosemary ret u rned to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1940, she regresse d ; Shriver later stated that Rosemary became "'increasingly irritable a n d difficult'" at the age of 22. Rosemary would often experience convuls io ns and fly into violent rages in which she would hit and injure other s du ring this period. After being expelled from a summer camp in wester n Mass achusetts and staying only a few months at a Philadelphia boardin g school , Rosemary was sent to a convent school in Washington, D.C Rosem ary bega n sneaking out of the convent school at night. The nuns at the c onvent th ought that Rosemary might be involved with sexual partners, an d that sh e could contract a sexually transmitted disease or become pregn ant. Her o ccasionally erratic behavior frustrated her parents; her fathe r was espec ially worried that Rosemary's behavior would shame and embarr ass the fami ly and damage his and his children's political careers.

When Rosemary was 23 years old, doctors told her father that a form of p s ychosurgery known as a lobotomy would help calm her mood swings and st o p her occasional violent outbursts. Joseph Kennedy decided that Rosema r y should have a lobotomy; however, he did not inform his wife of this d ec ision until after the procedure was completed. The procedure took plac e i n November 1941. In Ronald Kessler's 1996 biography of Joseph Kennedy , Si ns of the Father, James W. Watts, who carried out the procedure wit h Walt er Freeman (both of George Washington University School of Medicin e), des cribed the procedure to Kessler as follows:

After Rosemary was mildly sedated, "We went through the top of the he a d," Dr. Watts recalled. "I think she was awake. She had a mild tranquil iz er. I made a surgical incision in the brain through the skull. It wa s nea r the front. It was on both sides. We just made a small incision, n o mor e than an inch." The instrument Dr. Watts used looked like a butte r knife . He swung it up and down to cut brain tissue. "We put an instrum ent insi de", he said. As Dr. Watts cut, Dr. Freeman asked Rosemary som e questions . For example, he asked her to recite the Lord's Prayer or si ng "God Bles s America" or count backward... "We made an estimate on ho w far to cut ba sed on how she responded." When Rosemary began to becom e incoherent, the y stopped.

Dr. Watts told Kessler that in his opinion, Rosemary had suffered not fr o m mental retardation but rather from a form of depression. A review o f al l of the papers written by the two doctors confirmed Dr. Watts' decl arati on. All of the patients the two doctors lobotomized were diagnose d as hav ing some form of mental disorder. Dr. Bertram S. Brown, directo r of the N ational Institute of Mental Health who was previously an aid e to Presiden t Kennedy, told Kessler that Joe Kennedy referred to his da ughter Rosemar y as mentally retarded rather than mentally ill in order t o protect John' s reputation for a presidential run, and that the family' s "lack of suppo rt for mental illness is part of a lifelong family denia l of what was rea lly so".

It quickly became apparent that the procedure had not been successful. K e nnedy's mental capacity diminished to that of a two-year-old child. Sh e c ould not walk or speak intelligibly and was incontinent.

After the lobotomy, Rosemary was immediately institutionalized. She init i ally lived for several years at Craig House, a private psychiatric hosp it al 90 minutes north of New York City. In 1949, she was relocated to Je ffe rson, Wisconsin, where she lived for the rest of her life on the grou nd s of the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children (formerly known a s " St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth"). Archbishop Richard Cushin g ha d told her father about St. Coletta's, an institution for more tha n 300 p eople with disabilities, and her father traveled to and built a p rivate h ouse for her about a mile outside St. Coletta's main campus nea r Alvern o House, which was designed for adults who needed lifelong care . The nun s called the house "the Kennedy cottage". Two Catholic nuns, Si ster Marga ret Ann and Sister Leona, provided her care along with a stude nt and a wo man who worked on ceramics with Rosemary three nights a week . Rosemary ha d a car that could be used to take her for rides and a do g which she coul d take on walks.

In response to her condition, Rosemary's parents separated her from he r f amily. Rose Kennedy did not visit her for 20 years. Joseph P. Kenned y Sr . did not visit his daughter at the institution. In Rosemary: The Hi dde n Kennedy Daughter, author Kate Clifford Larson stated that Rosemary' s lo botomy was hidden from the family for 20 years; none of her sibling s kne w of her whereabouts. While her older brother John was campaignin g for re -election for the Senate in 1958, the Kennedy family explained a way her a bsence by claiming she was reclusive. The Kennedy family did no t publicl y explain her absence until 1961, after John had been elected p resident . The Kennedys did not reveal that she was institutionalized bec ause o f a failed lobotomy, but instead said that she was deemed "mentall y retar ded". In 1961, after Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. suffered a stroke tha t left hi m unable to speak and walk, Rosemary's siblings were made awar e of her lo cation. Her lobotomy did not become public knowledge until 19 87.

Following her father's death in 1969, the Kennedys gradually involved Ro s emary in family life again. Rosemary was occasionally taken to visit re la tives in Florida and Washington, D.C., and to her childhood home on Ca p e Cod. By that time, Rosemary had learned to walk again, but did so wi t h a limp. She never regained the ability to speak clearly, and her ar m wa s palsied.

Rosemary died at Ft Atkinson Memorial Hospital.

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LZNR-GGF

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LJL3-M17
• Initiatory (LDS): 14 Oct 2015, WASHI

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• FamilySearch ID: LRF8-G8C

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• FamilySearch ID: LZNR-GRZ

Notes:

Robert Francis Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), sometimes ref e rred to by the initials RFK and occasionally Bobby, was an American pol it ician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney Genera l fr om January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator from New Yo rk fr om January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was, lik e his br others John and Edward, a prominent member of the Democratic Par ty and ha s come to be viewed by some historians as an icon of modern Ame rican libe ralism.

Kennedy was born into a wealthy, political family in Brookline, Massachu s etts. After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve as a seaman apprentice fr o m 1944 to 1946, Kennedy returned to his studies at Harvard University , gr aduating in 1948. He received his law degree from the University o f Virgi nia, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1951. He bega n his care er as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as a lawyer at t he Justic e Department, but later resigned to manage his brother John's s uccessfu l campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952. The following year, he w orked a s an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Senato r Josep h McCarthy. He gained national attention as the chief counsel o f the Sena te Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959, where he publicl y challenge d Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the corrupt practice s of the union . Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his broth er's campaign i n the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed Unite d States Attorne y General after the successful election and served as hi s brother's close st advisor until his 1963 assassination.

His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the civil rights movemen t , the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, and involvement in U .S . foreign policy related to Cuba. He authored his account of the Cuba n Mi ssile Crisis in a book titled Thirteen Days. After his brother's ass assin ation, he remained in office in the Johnson Administration for seve ral mo nths. He left to run for the United States Senate from New York i n 1964 a nd defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating. In office, Ken nedy oppo sed racial discrimination and U.S. involvement in the Vietnam W ar. He wa s an advocate for issues related to human rights and social jus tice and f ormed working relationships with Martin Luther King Jr., Cesa r Chavez, an d Walter Reuther.

In 1968, Kennedy became a leading candidate for the Democratic nominati o n for the presidency by appealing to poor, African American, Hispanic , Ca tholic, and young voters. His main challenger in the race was Senato r Eug ene McCarthy. Shortly after winning the California primary around m idnigh t on June 5, 1968, Kennedy was mortally wounded when shot with a p istol b y Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, allegedly in retaliat ion fo r his support of Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War. Kennedy di ed th e following morning.

Robert Francis Kennedy was born outside Boston in Brookline, Massachuset t s, on November 20, 1925. He was the seventh of nine children to busines sm an/politician Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and philanthropist/socialite Ros e Fit zgerald Kennedy. His parents were members of two prominent Irish-Am erica n families in Boston. His eight siblings were Joseph Jr., John, Ros emary , Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Jean, and Ted. All four of his grandp arent s were children of Irish immigrants.

His father was a wealthy businessman and a leading figure in the Democra t ic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom i n 19 40, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr., exp ectin g that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also ur ged th e younger children to examine and discuss current events in orde r to prop el them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during W orld War I I, the senior Kennedy's hopes fell on his second son, John, t o become pre sident. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a c entral role i n the family's political ambitions.

Kennedy's older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a re s ult, became a voracious reader. Although he made little effort to ge t t o know his younger brother during his childhood, John took him on wal ks a nd regaled him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read . On e of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Ni ne St eps, which influenced both Robert and John. John sometimes called R ober t "Black Robert" due to his prudishness and disposition.

Unlike his older brothers, Kennedy took to heart their mother Rose's age n da for everything to have "a purpose," which included visiting histori c s ites during family outings, visits to the church during morning walks , an d games used to expand vocabulary and math skills. He described hi s posit ion in the family hierarchy by saying, "When you come from that f ar down , you have to struggle to survive." As the boys were growing up , he trie d frequently to get his older brothers' attention, but was seld om success ful.

As his father's business success expanded, the family kept homes aroun d B oston and New York City; the Cape Cod peninsula; and Palm Beach. Kenn ed y later said that during childhood he was "going to different schools , al ways having to make new friends, and that I was very awkward... [a]n d I w as pretty quiet most of the time. And I didn't mind being alone." H e ha d to repeat third grade. A teacher at Bronxville public school refle cte d that he was "a regular boy", adding, "It seemed hard for him to fin is h his work sometimes. But he was only ten after all." He developed a n int erest in American history, decorating his bedroom with pictures o f U.S. p residents and filling his bookshelves with volumes on the Americ an Civi l War. He became an avid stamp collector and once received a hand writte n letter from Franklin Roosevelt, also a philatelist.

In March 1938, Kennedy sailed to London with his mother and four younge s t siblings to join his father, who had begun serving as Ambassador to t h e United Kingdom. He attended the private Gibbs School for Boys for sev en th grade. In April 1939, he gave his first public speech at the placin g o f a cornerstone for a youth club in England. According to embassy an d new spaper reports, his statements were penciled in his own hand and de livere d in a "calm and confident" manner. Bobby returned to the United S tates j ust before the outbreak of World War II in Europe.

In Kennedy's younger years, his father dubbed him the "runt" of the fami l y and wrote him off. Close family friend Lem Billings once remarked t o Jo e Sr. that he was "the most generous little boy", and Joe Sr. replie d tha t he did not know where his son "got that". Billings commented tha t the o nly similarity between Robert and Joe Sr. was their eye color. A s Kenned y grew, his father worried that he was soft on others, conflicti ng with h is ideology. In response, Kennedy developed a tough persona tha t masked h is gentle personality, attempting to appease his father. Biogr apher Judi e Mills wrote that Joe Sr.'s lack of interest in Robert was ev ident by th e length of time it took for him to decide to transfer him t o Milton Acad emy. Both Joe Jr. and John attended the exclusive Protestan t prep schoo l Choate from their first year, while Robert was already a j unior by th e time he was enrolled at Milton. Despite his father's disdai n, Kennedy c ontinued to seek his approval, requesting that Joe Sr. writ e him a lette r about his opinions on different political events and Worl d War II.

As a child, Kennedy also strove to meet his mother's expectations to bec o me the most dutiful, religious, affectionate, and obedient of the Kenne d y children, but the father and son grew distant. Rose found his gentl e pe rsonality endearing, though this was noted as having made him "invis ibl e to his father". She influenced him heavily and, like her, he becam e a d evout Catholic, throughout his lifetime practicing his religion mor e seri ously than the other boys in the family. He impressed his parent s as a ch ild by taking on a newspaper route, seeking their approval an d wishing t o distinguish himself. However, he had the family chauffeur d riving him m aking deliveries.

Joe Sr. was satisfied with Kennedy as an adult, believing him to have be c ome "hard as nails" like he

US Senator, Presidential Cabinet Secretary. He was the third son of Jose p h Kennedy, Sr. and the brother of both US President John F. Kennedy an d S enator Edward Kennedy. Known as 'Bobby,' he started his career as a n atto rney in the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice in 1951 . Whil e there he served in several legal capacities, culminating as th e chief c ounsel of Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in th e Labor o r Management Field from 1957 to 1960. It was here that he mad e a nationa l name for himself as he waged war on racketeering in the lab or movement , and had several public confrontations with Teamsters Leade r Jimmy Hoffa . He left that position to serve as Campaign Manager for th e Presidentia l election of his brother in 1960. Upon John Kennedy’s elec tion (and afte r much personal and family debating) Bobby, only 36, accep ted the positio n of Attorney General in his brother's administration, ma king him the you ngest person ever to hold that office. He stayed on as A ttorney General a fter the assassination of John Kennedy until Septembe r 3rd, 1964 when h e finally resigned. Later that year he moved his famil y to New York. He r an a successful campaign and was elected as a Democra tic Senator from Ne w York to the United States Senate, taking office i n early 1965. In 196 8 he was a late entry into the Presidential campaign . However, he was gai ning momentum and on June 4th, 1968, he won the Cal ifornia Primary and se emed posed to win the Democratic Presidential nomi nation. While at a vict ory party that evening at the Ambassador Hotel i n Los Angeles, he was sho t by assassin Sirhan Sirhan, and later died a t Good Samaritan Hospital i n Los Angeles, California. Bio by John Sheets

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Edward Moore Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was an Americ a n lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. senator from Massachusett s f or almost 47 years, from 1962 until his death in 2009. A member of th e De mocratic Party and the prominent political Kennedy family, he was th e sec ond most senior member of the Senate when he died. He is ranked fif th i n United States history for length of continuous service as a senato r. Ke nnedy was the younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and U.S . attor ney general and U.S. senator Robert F. Kennedy. He was the fathe r of Cong ressman Patrick J. Kennedy.

After attending Harvard University and earning his law degree from the U n iversity of Virginia, Kennedy began his career as an assistant distric t a ttorney in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Kennedy was 30 years old wh en h e first entered the Senate, winning a November 1962 special electio n in M assachusetts to fill the vacant seat previously held by his brothe r John , who had taken office as the US president. He was elected to a fu ll six- year term in 1964 and was later re-elected seven more times. Th e Chappaqu iddick incident in 1969 resulted in the death of his automobil e passenger , Mary Jo Kopechne. He pleaded guilty to a charge of leavin g the scene o f an accident and later received a two-month suspended sent ence. The inci dent and its aftermath hindered his chances of ever becomi ng president. H e ran in 1980 in the Democratic primary campaign for pres ident, but los t to the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter.

Kennedy was known for his oratorical skills. His 1968 eulogy for his bro t her Robert and his 1980 rallying cry for modern American liberalism we r e among his best-known speeches. He became recognized as "The Lion of t h e Senate" through his long tenure and influence. Kennedy and his staf f wr ote more than 300 bills that were enacted into law. Unabashedly libe ral , Kennedy championed an interventionist government that emphasized ec onom ic and social justice, but he was also known for working with Republ ican s to find compromises. Kennedy played a major role in passing many l aws , including the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the Nationa l Can cer Act of 1971, the COBRA health insurance provision, the Comprehe nsiv e Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, the Americans with Disabilities Act o f 1990 , the Ryan White AIDS Care Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1991, th e Menta l Health Parity Act, the S-CHIP children's health program, the N o Child L eft Behind Act, and the Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act. Du ring the 2 000s, he led several unsuccessful immigration reform efforts . Over the co urse of his Senate career, Kennedy made efforts to enact un iversal healt h care, which he called the "cause of my life." By the late r years of hi s life, Kennedy had come to be viewed as a major figure an d spokesman fo r American progressivism.

On August 25, 2009, Kennedy died of a malignant brain tumor (glioblastom a ) at his home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, at the age of 77. He wa s bu ried at Arlington National Cemetery near his brothers John and Rober t.

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