 1031 - 1093 (62 years) Submit Photo / Document
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| Name |
Máel Coluim mac Donnchada |
| Suffix |
Malcolm III, King of Scots |
| Birth |
26 Mar 1031 |
Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland  |
| Gender |
Male |
| Death |
13 Nov 1093 |
Alnwick, Northumberland, England |
| Initiatory (LDS) |
1 Mar 1894 |
| FamilySearch ID |
KN4J-P1M |
| Burial |
Tyne and Wear, England |
| Person ID |
I13189 |
mytree |
| Last Modified |
25 Feb 2024 |
| Father |
Donnchad mac Crinain, Duncan I King of Scotland, b. Abt 1007, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland d. 14 Aug 1040, Pitgaveny, Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire, Scotland (Age 33 years) |
| Mother |
Suthen, b. Abt 1014, Northumberland, England d. 1040, Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland (Age 26 years) |
| Marriage |
1030 |
Scotland |
| Family ID |
F6896 |
Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Family 1 |
Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, b. 1021, Osterøyni, Hordaland, Kongeriket Norge d. 1066, Orkney Islands, Scotland (Age 45 years) |
| Marriage |
1058 |
Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland |
| Children |
| | 1. Donald Canmore, b. 1063, Perth, Perthshire, Scotland d. 1085, Perth, Perthshire, Scotland (Age 22 years) |
|
| Family ID |
F6895 |
Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Last Modified |
3 Sep 2024 |
| Family 2 |
Margaret "The Saint" Ætheling, Queen of Scotland, b. 1043, England d. 16 Nov 1093, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburghshire, Scotland (Age 50 years) |
| Marriage |
1068 |
Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland |
| Children |
| | 1. Edward mac Máel Coluim, Prince of Scotland, b. Abt 1068, Scotland d. 16 Nov 1093, Edwards Isle, Scotland (Age 25 years) |
| | 2. Edmund mac Máel Coluim, Bishop of Dunkeld, b. 1070, Scotland d. 1097, Montacute, Somersetshire, England (Age 27 years) |
| | 3. Ethelred "Ethelred the UnReady" mac Máel Coluim, Prince of Scotland, b. Abt 1072, Scotland d. 1097, Scotland (Age 25 years) |
| | 4. Étgar "Probus" mac Máel Coluim, King of Alba, b. Abt 1074, Scotland d. 8 Jan 1107, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburghshire, Scotland (Age 33 years) |
| + | 5. Alaxandair "The Fierce" mac Máel Coluim, I King of the Scots, b. Abt 1078, Scotland d. 23 Apr 1124, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland (Age 46 years) |
| + | 6. Matilda "Atheling" Dunkeld, Queen consort of England, b. 1080, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland d. 1 May 1118, Westminster, Middlesex, England (Age 38 years) |
| + | 7. Dabid "The Saint" mac Máel Coluim, David I King of the Scots, b. 1084, Edinburgh, Edinburghshire, Scotland d. 24 May 1153, Carlisle, Cumbria, England (Age 69 years) |
| + | 8. Mary Dunkeld, Contess of Boulogne, b. 1082, Scotland d. 31 May 1116, England (Age 34 years) |
|
| Family ID |
F6880 |
Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Last Modified |
3 Sep 2024 |
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| Notes |
- Reign: 1058-1093
Colonial and Revolutionary Lineages of America (973 D2ah) Vol.2
Malcolm III (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 26 March 1031-13 November 1093) w a s King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore" ("c ea nn mòr", Gaelic for "Great Chief": "ceann" denotes "leader", "head" (o f s tate) and "mòr" denotes "pre-eminent", "great", and "big"). Malcolm' s lon g reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.
Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotl a nd: the north and west of Scotland remained under Scandinavian, Norse-G ae l, and Gaelic rule, and the territories under the rule of the Kings o f Sc ots did not extend much beyond the limits established by Malcolm I I unti l the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a series of wars against th e Kingd om of England, which may have had as its objective the conquest o f the En glish earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any s ignifican t advances southward. Malcolm's primary achievement was to cont inue a lin eage that ruled Scotland for many years, although his role a s founder o f a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his younges t son Davi d I and his descendants than with history.
Malcolm's second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only roy a l saint. Malcolm himself had no reputation for piety; with the notabl e ex ception of Dunfermline Abbey in Fife he is not definitely associate d wit h major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.
«b»Background«/b»
Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malc o lm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. A cc ording to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of par t a t least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niec e o f Siward, Earl of Northumbria, but an earlier king-list gives her th e Gae lic name Suthen. Other sources claim that either a daughter or niec e woul d have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relativ e woul d have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated i nto Gae lic as Suthen.
Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth on 15 Aug u st 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown ma n a nd his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young i n 10 40, and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane were children. Malcolm's f amil y did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfathe r Crí nán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.
Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for gre a ter safety exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one ver si on, Malcolm (then aged about nine) was sent to England, and his younge r b rother Donalbane was sent to the Isles. Based on Fordun's account, i t wa s assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reig n in t he Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor. Today' s Briti sh Royal family can trace their family history back to Malcolm II I via hi s youngest daughter Mary.
According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons in t o exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enem y o f Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.
An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in comman d , had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the kin g o f the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim has traditionally been identifie d wit h the later Malcolm III. This interpretation derives from the Chron icle a ttributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Ford un, a s well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The l atte r reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it i s kno wn that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argue d in 2 002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, l ater wr iters innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scott ish kin g of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by sever al subse quent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram , Dauvit Br oun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Colu im may hav e been a son of Owain Foel, British king of Strathclyde perhap s by a daug hter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.
In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's han d , on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. Macbeth was succeed e d by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 Septem be r 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery", near Huntly on 2 3 A pril 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurate d o n 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.
«b»Malcolm and Ingibiorg«/b»
If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actio n s as king may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Conf es sor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, wh o h ad arrived in England two years before from Hungary. If he did visi t th e English court, he was the first reigning king of Scots to do so i n mor e than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it w as no t kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1 061 wh en Lindisfarne was plundered. Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumb ria ma y have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", re establi shed by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control b y 1070.
The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn S i gurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson. Although Ingibiorg i s g enerally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible tha t sh e died much earlier, around 1058. The Orkneyinga Saga records that M alcol m and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), wh o wa s later king. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malme sbury , claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propagand a refl ecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermin e the cla ims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim. Malcolm's son Do mnall, who se death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author o f the Orkne yinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.
Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and wes t . The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Ha ra ld Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Ear l b y Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another reco mmen dation for the match. Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with t he Ea rldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Tho rfinns son. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is pr obabl y misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who becam e king o f Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.
«b»Malcolm and Margaret«/b»
Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbria n s drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated inv as ion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended i n def eat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1068, he grante d asylu m to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy , among th em Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the E xile, and h er children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cris tina. They w ere accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exile s were disapp ointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistanc e from the Scots .
In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in t h e north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by t h e end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsso n se emed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decide d o n war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines , wast ing Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot , to Wear mouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invite d to retur n with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off w ith a larg e Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William s ent Gospatr ic to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fle et raided th e Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were conc entrated. Lat e in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a Europe an exile, Edga r and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to r emain. By the e nd of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret o f Wessex, the fu ture Saint Margaret of Scotland.
The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Sc o ts regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Mar ga ret's sons Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her gr and father Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred t he U nready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her broth er, b riefly the elected king, Edgar Ætheling was unlikely to be missed i n Engl and, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secur e. Whet her the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexan der I o f Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Gre at) an d the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represente d a rec ognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, o r was du e to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal name another Edmund ha d precede d Edgar is not known. Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters , Edith, wh o married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace I II of Boulog ne.
In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position aga i n secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malc ol m met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chroni cl e "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostag e an d arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting the overlordsh ip o f the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had don e so w ithout result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with th e Engli sh king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which le d to furt her trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Wa lcher at G ateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose nort h with an arm y while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcol m again made pe ace, and this time kept it for over a decade.
Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exceptio n o f Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxo n Ch ronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:
Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai ] . .. and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped wit h dif ficulty.
Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.
«b»Malcolm and William Rufus«/b»
When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malc o lm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthos e w hich followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's la nd s in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marche d s outh, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcast le , built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attem p t to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees . T he threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, wh er e he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of Will ia m Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English fol low ed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was ar rang ed by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again ackno wledg ed the overlordship of the English king.
In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Sco t s controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that Willia m Ru fus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasant s in th e surrounds was the cause. It is unlikely that Malcolm controlle d Cumbria , and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malc olm by Wil liam Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visitin g England. Ma lcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William R ufus agreed t o a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stoppin g at Wilton Ab bey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina . Malcolm arriv ed there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus ref used to negotiat e, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English b arons. This Malco lm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotl and.
It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war, but , a s the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came:
For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and t h e King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he ga th ered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility tha n b ehoved him ....
Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probab l e heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar. Even by the standards o f th e time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.
«b»Death«/b»
While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, E a rl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 No ve mber 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Cas tle . The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick. Edward was mort all y wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after re ceiv ing the news of their deaths from Edgar. The Annals of Ulster say:
Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son , w ere killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. Hi s que en, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.
Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's bo d y was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Du nf ermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.
On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margare t b y Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed i n a r eliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to th e hig h altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too h eavy t o move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, an d burie d next to Margaret beside the altar.
«b»Issue«/b»
Malcolm and Ingibiorg had three sons:
1.) Duncan II of Scotland, succeeded his father as King of Scotland
2.) Donald, died ca.1094
3.) Malcolm, died ca.1085
Malcolm and Margaret had eight children, six sons and two daughters:
1.) Edward, killed 1093
2.) Edmund of Scotland
3.) Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld
4.) King Edgar of Scotland
5.) King Alexander I of Scotland
6.) King David I of Scotland
7.) Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of Engl a nd
8.) Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne
«b»Depictions in fiction«/b»
Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare's Macbeth as Malcolm. He is the s o n of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the secon d s cene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tel ls t hem how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Du nca n decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. The n h e later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the forme r Than e of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on hi s victory . He later appears in Macbeth's castle as a guest. When his fat her is kil led he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. H e later make s an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff abou t Macbeth and w hat to do. They both decide to start a war against him. I n Act 5.4 he i s seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the t roops to hide b ehind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. I n Act 5.8 he watch es the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siwar d and Ross. When even tually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as kin g.
The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of thr e e historical novels: A Goodly Pearl (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, and Mal co lm Canmore's Pearl (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay, and Sing, Morning Star b y J ane Oliver (1949). They focus on court life in Dunfermline, and the M arga ret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter tw o nov els cover events to 1093, ending with Malcolm's death.
Canmore appears in the third and fourth episodes of the four-part seri e s "City of Stone" in Disney's Gargoyles, as an antagonist of Macbeth. A ft er witnessing his father Duncan's death, the young Canmore swears reve ng e on both Macbeth and his gargoyle ally, Demona. After reaching adulth ood , he overthrows Macbeth with English allies. Canmore is also the ance sto r of the Hunters, a family of vigilantes who hunt Demona through th e cent uries. Canmore was voiced in the series by J.D. Daniels as a boy a nd Nei l Dickson as an adult.
In The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II, Malcolm appears as the anti-hero of t h is 2009-written (by Noah Lukeman), and historically very inaccurate, su cc essor-play. Malcom, who has succeeded from MacBeth, and ruled well fo r te n years, is led by the witches down MacBeth's path to perdition kill ing h is brother Donalbain as well as MacDuff before finally being kille d by Fl eance (supposedly the ancestor of Stuart king James).
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