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17th Governor of the Colony of Connecticut.
Thomas Welles (1590 – 14 January 1659,) is the only man in Connecticut ' s history to hold all four top offices: governor, deputy governor, trea su rer, and secretary. In 1639, he was elected as the first treasurer o f th e Colony of Connecticut, and from 1640–1649 served as the colony's s ecret ary. In this capacity, he transcribed the Fundamental Orders into t he off icial colony records. | Welles, Governor Thomas (I87982)
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At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Living (I152734)
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17th President of the United States.
He was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 186 9 . He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of th e a ssassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson was a Democrat who ran wit h Linc oln on the National Union ticket, coming to office as the Civil Wa r concl uded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the U nion wit hout protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict wit h the Repu blican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by t he House o f Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by o ne vote.
Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenti c ed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling i n Gr eeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before b ein g elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835. After br iefl y serving in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the Hous e of Re presentatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He be came gov ernor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legisl ature t o the Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought pas sage o f the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Sena te sea t in 1862. Southern slave states seceded to form the Confederate S tates o f America, including Tennessee, but Johnson remained firmly wit h the Unio n. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state wh o did not r esign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 186 2, Lincoln a ppointed him as Military Governor of Tennessee after most o f it had bee n retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as runnin g mate for Linc oln, who wished to send a message of national unity in hi s re-election ca mpaign; and became vice president after a victorious ele ction in 1864.
Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction, a seri e s of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions an d e lections to reform their civil governments. Southern states returne d man y of their old leaders and passed Black Codes to deprive the freedm en o f many civil liberties, but Congressional Republicans refused to sea t leg islators from those states and advanced legislation to overrule th e South ern actions. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republ icans ov errode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidenc y. Johnso n opposed the Fourteenth Amendment which gave citizenship to fo rmer slave s. In 1866, he went on an unprecedented national tour promotin g his execu tive policies, seeking to break Republican opposition.[2] A s the conflic t grew between the branches of government, Congress passe d the Tenure o f Office Act restricting Johnson's ability to fire Cabine t officials. H e persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin St anton, but ende d up being impeached by the House of Representatives an d narrowly avoide d conviction in the Senate. He did not win the 1868 Dem ocratic presidenti al nomination and left office the following year.
Johnson returned to Tennessee after his presidency and gained some vindi c ation when he was elected to the Senate in 1875, making him the only fo rm er president to serve in the Senate. He died five months into his term . J ohnson's strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for black A meri cans is widely criticized; he is regarded by many historians as on e of th e worst presidents in American history. | Johnson, President Andrew (I90911)
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1834 Census of Gelsted, Vends Herred, Odense, Denmark GS#039,074
Occupation: Servant
BIRTH: Gelsted Church Rec. GS#050,220
MARRIAGE: Vejlby Church Rec. GS#050,483
DEATH: Vejlby Church Rec. GS#050,484 | Jensen, Niels (I2944)
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1860 Census of Fillmore City, Millard, Utah
1870 Census of Holden, Millard, Utah
1900 Census of Fillmore City, Millard, Utah
From Kay F. Nelson genealogy sheet.
Occupation: School teacher
SOURCE: Death Certificates, State of Utah | Nelson, Joseph G (I82)
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1860 Census of Fillmore City, Millard, Utah
1870 Census of Holden, Millard, Utah
1900 Census of Fillmore City, Millard, Utah
Military papers include:
Declaration for Survivors pension-Indian wars
Declaration for Widow's pension
BIRTH: Fillmore 2nd Ward Rec. GS#025,951
DEATH: Fillmore 2nd Ward Rec. GS#025,951
Occupation: Surveyor
"Builders of Early Millard," pp. 276-277:
SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF LIFE OF JOSEPH SINKLER GILES
Note to reader: This file contains a family group sheet of Joseph Sinkl e r Giles and Sarah Huntsman. Lists 15 children. On file at the Territ or ial Statehouse Museum in Fillmore, Utah.
Brother Joseph Sinckler Giles was born on April 5, 1832, at West Nottin g ham Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, the son of Joseph and Jan e Mo ore Giles. He spent his early childhood on his father’s 160-acre tr act i n Chester County and received part of his education in the school s of tha t vicinity. At the age of eighteen years he left home and wen t to Ohio a nd from that state to Illinois where he taught school at th e age of 19 ye ars. He taught at Red Oak Prairie and boarded with the sc holars in thei r homes, partaking, as he often said, “of their bacon, goo d corn bread, a nd coffee.”
While in Illinois he studied Law at Princeton, Bureau County, in the of f ice of John Porter Jr, and practiced his profession for a short perio d i n the inferior courts. He later came to Utah and became admitted t o th e Bar of this state and became one of the honored members in the act ive p ractice of the profession. He attended each session of the court i n Mill ard County almost to the day of his death.
Brother Giles joined the United States Army at the age of twenty-thre e y ears. He participated in the Indian and Mexican raids in Texas and F lori da at the time when Billy Bowlegs, an educated Seminole Indian, wit h abou t thirty dusky warriors were making raids on the settlements in th ose loc alities. He was with the Johnston Army when General Johnston wa s ordere d to Utah Territory to put down the alleged plans of the Mormon s to overt hrow the Government. He went through the starvation period o f that arm y when for a time it appeared that the entire army would be wi ped out bef ore sufficient food could reach them. He served as a surgeo n in the arm y and gained valuable experience in setting broken limbs, ex tracting teet h etc., which experience he put to use in serving his fello w citizens i n the early pioneer settlements in Millard County. Friend a nd stranger a like always found a warm welcome in his home.
He became converted to the Mormon faith through reading the sermons a n d writings of Parley P. Pratt and joined the Mormon Church in the yea r 18 58. Shortly after arriving in Utah he married Sarah Huntsman. Fro m thi s union thirteen children were born. Two of his sons, Freeman an d Jesse , and three of his daughters by his first marriage, Jennie Spragu e, Med a Nelson, and Lena Suthern still survive him.
After the death of his wife, Sarah, brother Giles married Ann Elizabe t h Carling, daughter of Abram and Ann E. Carling, of Fillmore City, Uta h . Of this union there were three daughters, Lou Frampton, Laura Broug h , and Florence Brough, and one son Grover A. Giles. Laura Brough follo we d her mother in death within one year of the date of death of Mrs. Gil e s which took place in March 1925. The two girls, Lou and Florence, an d t he one son Grover A., still survive Joseph Giles, who died on Novembe r 5t h 1921.
Brother Giles was a faithful and devout member of the church. He w a s a meticulous tithe payer, never failing to pay his monthly contributi o n strictly on the basis of ten per cent of his income, the items of hi s g ross income, the items of which were carefully recorded in a journa l kep t for that purpose. In civil affairs he served in many capacities . Fo r many years he was the only licensed abstracter, surveyor and lawy er i n the county, aside from giving of his talent and medical experienc e as r elated above. He said, “It was a real pleasure to walk twenty-fiv e mile s to set the broken limb of a friend or neighbor and then return b y the s ame means of transportation”.
Brother Giles did not accumulate great material wealth but he left a he r itage of great love and much service to his memory. He was indeed a mi ll ionaire in point of unselfish service to his fellowmen.
The concluding paragraph of the obituary in the local paper, The Progre s s, simply but beautifully expresses the epitome of his life’s work in t h e following language:
“In conclusion let us say that we have lost, for awhile, the associati o n of a faithful, true and loving friend; a man who became personally ac qu ainted with Christ’s life and works, and who consecrated all his power s o f mind, body and heart to the love of God and his fellow men”.
THE LIFE OF BROTHER JOSEPH SINKLER GILES
Brother Giles was born on April 5th 1832, at West Nottingham Township , C hester County, Penn. The son of Joseph, and Jane Moore, Giles. He s pen t his early childhood on his father’s 169 acres tract in Chester Coun ty , Penn. He received part of his education in the schools of that vici nit y. At the age of 18 years he left home and went to Ohio and from tha t st ate to Illinois where he taught school at the age of 19. He taugh t at Re d Oak Prairie, and boarded with the scholars at their homes, part aking, a s he was said many times, of their good bacon, corn, bread, an d coffee.
While in Illinois he studied law at Princeton Bureau County in the offi c e of John Porter Jr. and practiced his profession for a short period i n t hat state before the inferior courts. Later when he came to Utah h e beca me admitted to the Bar of this state and was an honored member o f that as sociation to the date of his death. Brother Giles joined the U nited Stat es Army at the age of 23 and participated in the Indian and Me xican raid s in Texas and Florida during the time when Billy Bow Legs, a n educated S eminole Indian, with about thirty dusky followers, were maki ng raids on t he settlement for those localities. He was with the Johnst on Army durin g the period of their starvation when it seemed that thei r entire number s would be annihilated. He served as a surgeon in the ar my and gained ex perience along the medical line, which later proved of g reat value to hi m in the service of his fellows during the early settlem ent of the commun ities of Millard county Utah. Stranger or friend alwa ys found a warm we lcome in Brother Giles home. He became converted to t he Mormon faith thr ough reading the sermons and writings of Parley P. Pr att and joined the M ormon Church about the year 1858. Shortly after hi s arrival in Utah he m arried Sarah Huntsman, (daughter of James and Mar y Huntsman who gave hi m thirteen children, ten of whom are now living, a nd have children and gr andchildren of their own.) After the death of hi s wife, Sarah, brother G iles married Ann E. Carling (daughter of Abraha m and Ann E. Carling of Fi llmore City, Utah.) Who, with her daughters , Low Frampton, Laura Brough , Florence Brough and her son Grover A. Gile s, survive him .
The members of his first family who survive him are as follows: Rile y , Freeman, John, Jesse, Mrs. James Sprague, Mrs. Emily McKee, Mrs. Mara nd a Turner, Mrs. Meda Nelson, Mrs. Melissa Miller, and Mrs. Lena Suther n . Practically all of his surviving children attended his funeral. A s wa s stated at he funeral, brother Giles has spent his life in the serv ice o f his fellowmen, and the sacrifice which he made for their welfar e will l ong be remembered and cherished by those who knew him.
For a great many years he was the only medical aid obtainable in Milla r d County and the good he has done in that regard can hardly be estimate d.
He was a devout member of his church and always paid an honest tithin g . In civil affairs he served well in every instance. For many year s h e was the only licensed abstractor, surveyor and lawyer in Millard Co unty , besides giving the medical dentist attention spoken of herein. I n hi s civil and religious duties he made sources of friends, and the wri ter d oes not know of a soul on earth who holds any malice or ill-will to ward t his noble brother who lived upon the earth 88 years, and 6 month s to th e day of his death.
He will be sorely missed by his family and his many friends, but ther e a re none who will wish him back from the happiness, which he has mos t sure ly found as the reward of his good deeds on earth. As one of th e speaker s remarked, “His life was a prayer and his death a benediction , and we ar e wex who are left behind”.
AN INCIDENT OF EARLY DENTISTRY IN HOLDE N
Related by Franklin Badger
I have heard my mother relate this story a number of times; of her fath e r Albert Stevens and Brother J. S. Giles. My Grandfather like this gra nd son and possible others—was very sensitive about having a tooth pulled .
After enduring the ache of one about as long as he could endure it, a n d trying every known and recommended remedy without relief, --he very r el uctantly decided to visit Brother Giles, as a last resort.
On making the purpose of the visit known, the dentist procured his forc e ps and together they went out to the woodpile. Grandfather sat on a l o g for the latter to have just a look at the offending tooth. While doi n g so he slipped the forceps on with a firm grip. Grandfather hollere d “h old on, hold on”. Brother Giles replied, “I am holding on”, and h e did t ill the tooth came out.
JOSEPH SINKLER GILES
Joseph Sinkler Giles was born April 5, 1832, in West Nottingham, Chest e r County, Penn. To Joseph and Jane Moore Giles. He helped his parent s a t home until he was eighteen years old and then he had a desire to wa nder , and see the country.
He left home and met a Mr. Church, who was Superintendent of Schools . M r. Church asked him to take an examination to see if he were eligibl e t o each school. “He had to study Webster’s speller, had to give the v owe l and consonant combinations, then Mr. Church asked me some very od d ques tions. I studied for ten days, passed my examination and began te achin g school”.
For the next two years Sinkler taught school. Seventy students from s i x years old to twenty-five years old, for twenty-two dollars a month . Th e next year he went to Mt. Privide Academy, Boro County, Penn. an d studie d Law for two years. In 1855 he joined the United States Army a nd was se nt to Governor’s Island as Assistant Clerk to the commanding of ficer fo r several months.
He was sent to Florida to help hunt Billy bow Legs, a small tribe of Se m inole Indians who rebelled against being sent to Indian Territory. He r e I was in charge of the chemicals, being appointed the Hospital Stewa r t [steward]. He had charge of the medicine and was called “Dr. Joe” . H e was with Johnston’s Army when they were ordered to go to Utah.
Brigham Young sent the army a wagon load of salt but Commander Johnst o n had the salt dumped out a long way from camp, as he would not let th e s oldiers eat it. Sinkler Giles asked permission to test the salt an d foun d it clean and pure. It proved to be a blessing for the army an d those w ho had settled there.
Sinkler Giles left Johnston’s Army in 1958 and came to Fillmore. He wo r ked in Fillmore, Scipio, and Holden. Thomas Robins of Scipio began tea ch ing Sinkler the principles of the Mormon Church. He was baptized in C hal k Creek by Daniel Thompson December 13, 1858.
Sinkler met Sarah Huntsman in December 1858. Sarah was the daughte r o f James and Mary Huntsman and was born June 5, 1841 in Nauvoo, Illino is . It was love at first sight. They were married January 30, 1860 b y Bis hop Lewis Brunson, at the home of the bride but we were later endow ed a t the Old Endowment House in Salt Lake City.
Joseph was the first Superintendent of the Sunday School in Holden, Uta h . He held positions in the church all of his life and also acted a s a do ctor, setting broken bones and relieving the sick whenever he wa s called . He was a very talented person and did much to help with the a musement s of the wards in which he lived.
Joseph Sinkler and his wife Sarah were the parents of thirteen childre n , all of them faithful members of the church (Mormon). He served as Co un ty Surveyor, County Attorney, and several other civic jobs besides alw ay s serving as a “doctor” whenever he was called.
His wife, Sarah Huntsman Giles, died April 5, 1881 and is buried in t h e Fillmore Cemetery.
After the death of his wife Sarah Huntsman Giles, Joseph Sinkler Gile s m arried Elizabeth Carling, daughter of Abraham and Ann Ashman Carling . T o this union were born four children, Lou Frampton, Laura Brought, F loren ce Brough, and Grover A. Giles.
Joseph Snkler Giles passed away November 5th 1921, in Fillmore, Utah, a n d is buried in the Fillmore Cemetery.
The names of his children born to him and his wife Sarah Huntsman Gil e s are: Joseph Riley, Mary Miranda, James Freeman, Sarah Jane, Emily An n , Jesse Huntsman, Elemeda Aratimisia, John Thomas, William Sinkler, Lor in da Melissa, Selina Merila, Eva May, and Jacob.
SOME OF THE CHILDREN OF JOSEPH SINKLER AND SARAH HUNTSMAN GILES
Emily Ann Giles: born March 23, 1867, daughter of Joseph Sinker and Sar a h Huntsman Giles, in Fillmore. She was a nurse and a homemaker. She m ar ried David McKee October 14, 1887, and lived on Main Street in Holden , Mi llard County, Utah. She raised a large family and worked in the Rel ief S ociety. She was kind and very considerate of everyone and had man y frien ds. She died April 15, 1942 in Holden, Utah and is buried in th e Holde n Cemetery.
Almedia Artemisa Giles (Nelson): was born November 1, 1870 to Joseph a n d Sarah Huntsman Giles, in Holden, Utah where her father taught schoo l . Almedia became a schoolteacher and was prominent in public school ci rc les. She later became a temple worker and worked in the Logan Temple , do ing genealogical work until her death.
She married Joseph Nelson June 27, 1888 and moved to Preston, Idaho. S h e died August 7, 1950 in Preston, Idaho.
John Thomas Giles: born January 30, 1873 to Joseph Snkler and Sarah Hun t sman Giles in Holden, Utah. He became a Blacksmith and made hardware f o r the early settlers, besides keeping the horses well shod. He also h a d a large farm where he grew most of the food for his family. He marri e d Aemina Wilson. He died December 8, 1939
Joseph Riley Giles: born October 8, 1860, to Joseph and Sarah Huntsma n G iles, in Fillmore, Utah. He became a farmer and learned the blacksmi th t rade. He was also a musician and played for the dances and entertai nment s in the church and town entertainments in Holden and Lehi, Utah . He mar ried Polly Harmon May 18, 1882. He died October 22, 1924 in Le hi, Utah.
James Freeman Giles: born November 23, 1863, son of Joseph Sinkler an d S arah Huntsman Giles, in Fillmore, Utah. He was a barber by trade an d pla yed the accordion for dances and entertainments in Fillmore, Holde n and L ehi. He married Thressa Stringham and moved later to Salt Lake c ity. H e always played his accordion for the dances of the senior citize ns in hi s ward, as well as a practicing his trade as barber. (He was ma rried Ma y 31, 1885). He died January 27, 1853.
Sarah Jane Giles: born September 14, 1865, to Joseph Sinkler and Sara h H untsman Giles in Fillmore, Utah. She was a seamstress and housewife . Sh e made suits for men and dressed for women, and continued sewing un til sh e was ninety-one years old. She remained a visiting teacher in th e Relie f Society until she was ninety-nine years old. She was a templ e worker a nd did three sessions of temple work the day after her one-hun dredth birt hday. She married Solomon Abraham Sprague January 9, 1888 . She died Dec ember 13, 1966 in Monroe, Utah.
SARAH HUNTSMAN GILES
Written by daughter, Almeda Giles Nelson
Sarah Huntsman was the tenth child of James and Mary Johnston Huntsma n , born 5 June 1841 in Nauvoo, Hancock County, Illinois, during the pers ec ution and mobbing of the Latter-day Saints.
Her father was the 36th member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-d a y Saints. He came west with one of the Brigham Young’s first companie s , but his wife and family came a year later
James Huntsman, her father was a mechanic. He invented a gadget call e d the milometer, with which to measure the daily mileage the Saints tra ve led. Appleton Harmon takes the credit for the making of it, but Jame s Hu ntsman invented it.
Nothing much is recorded of Sarah Huntsman’s early life, but she knew t h e Prophet Joseph Smith and mourned his martyrdom. She taught her child re n to love and revere him. She remembers him riding on a spirited hors e s itting so straight coming down the street.
Mother was beautiful with long black hair either coiled around her shap e ly head in broad braids, or on some occasions, hanging loose to her wai st . She had large grey eyes that could either by sympathetic or indigna n t as circumstances demanded. She never punished us except by her looks .
Her romance began when she and several girl friends worked at the Hunts m an Hotel in Fillmore. They filled thimbles with water, and if successf u l not to spill the water as they walked backwards and placed it under t h e pillow, their dreams would disclose to them who their future husband s w ere to be. The next morning there was great fun making while each gi rl t old her dream. Mother had seen a man dressed in an oilcloth coat, w alkin g with a soldiers step. As the day proceeded one of the girls excl aimed , “Oh Sarah, here comes your future husband.” Unbelievingly she lo oked o ut into the street and surely enough she saw her “Dream Man” wit h an oilc loth coat and the step of a soldier. They met and became frien ds, and la ter she was married to her dream man Joseph Sinkler Giles. Th ey were mar ried by Bishop Lewis Brunson 30 January 1860 in Fillmore, Uta h. They wer e later endowed in the Endowment House in Salt Lake City, Ut ah, and wer e blessed with 13 children.
Sarah was exceedingly frugal, experiencing all the privations of the ea r ly pioneers.
Their first home was a dugout between Holden and Fillmore. Their equip m ent consisted of a sort of fireplace, a dutch oven and a large brass ke tt le in which soap as well as hominy was made. She made her own lye fro m w ood ashes, and used this for making soap, and also in the hominy maki ng . She made candles from animal fat, which furnished the only light fo r t he early Pioneers.
While living in the dugout, Father built an adobe house in the Easter n p art of Holden, Utah. (Where Arvin Stevens home now stands.)
Mother was faithful in teaching us children to pray and to otherwise ke e p the commandments of God.
I recall a song she taught us about the martyrs which she sang in her b e autiful clear voice.
Besides making all the clothing for her large family, she tailored sui t s for many of the town folks.
Father purchased one of the first sewing machines in that part of the c o unty, which greatly aided in her sewing projects. He also bought on e o f the first organs, and cook stoves in Holden.
Mother loved music and dancing, no girl in the community could out do h e r in rhythm and step dancing. Her pretty little feet fairly flew to t h e music.
She loved her religion and did her Relief Society teaching, worked zeal o usly, even when her health would scarcely justify the effort. Her bush e l of wheat was gleaned and turned to the Relief society regularly. Sh e a nd her children passed through the “no flour” time when only corn mea l co uld be had. This was served in various ways three times daily. Cor ndodg ers, straight mush, or gruel. However there was no variety in tast e.
Mother was an artist in all the crafts of those early settlers. Her ha n dwork in quits, laces, crochet work and knitting was unexcelled. She c ar ded, spun wool and taught these arts to her girls as they grew up.
Meticulous in the care of her home and children, I marvel now how she k e pt our hair in ringlets, (for it was not naturally curly) and dresse d u s in white aprons for school wear. On the whole, I have concluded si nc e I have a large family of my own to care for that my mother must hav e be en a wonder indeed. Her and her husband lived a very happy and cont ente d life together even if they didn’t have all the fancies of life.
She died giving birth to her thirteenth child at the age of 40. The me m ory of her beauty and accomplishments forever lives in her children’s h ea rts, and with all her many friends who knew her as, “Aunt Sarah”.
Sarah Huntsman Giles died April 5th 1881, and is buried in the Holden C e metery. Her baby Jacob, born April 5, 1881 is buried in the same cask e t with his mother. Her children are as follows: Joseph Riley Giles, b or n Oct. 8, 1860 at Fillmore Utah. Mary Maranda Giles Turner, born Janu ar y 16, 1862, Fillmore, Utah. James Freeman Giles, born Nov. 23, 1863 , Fil lmore, Utah. Sarah Jane Giles Sprague, born Sept. 14, 1865, Fillmo re, Ut ah. Emily Ann Giles McKee, born March 23, 1867, Fillmore, Utah . Jesse H untsman Giles, born Dec. 31, 1868, Holden. Almeda Artemesia G iles Nelson , born Nov. 1, 1870, Holden, Utah. John Thomas Giles, born J an. 30, 1873 , Holden, Utah. William Sinkler Giles, born Aug. 6, 1874, H olden, Utah . Lorinda Melissa Giles Miller, born Oct. 1, 1875, Holden, U tah. Salen a Marailla Giles Southern, born Oct. 29, 1877, Holden, Utah . Eva May Gil es, born Dec. 27, 1879, Holden, Utah. Jacob Giles, born A pril 5, 1881, H olden, Utah; died April 5, 1881.
Biography obtained from the Daughters of the Utah Pioneers, Fillmore, Ut a h, Territorial Statehouse Museum. | Giles, Joseph Sinkler (I188)
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1860 Census of Fillmore City, Millard, Utah
1870 Census of Holden, Millard, Utah
1900 Census of Fillmore City, Millard, Utah
SOURCE: TEMPLE_WORK: Temple Index Bureau
Birth: Preston 1st Ward Rec. GS#007,540
Death: Deceased Member File, Logan Cemetery Rec.
LIVE_LDS_BAPTISM: Preston 1st Ward Rec. GS#007,540
SOURCE: Death Certificates, State of Utah | Giles, Almeda Artiamissa (I83)
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1879 emigrated to the United States
1910 Census Mina, Esmeralda, Nevada, indicates he was a cashier in a rai l road office. He was single. His brother is on the same census. | Holland, Thomas William (I175008)
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18th President of the United States.
He was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18 t h president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As president, Gran t w as an effective civil rights executive who created the Justice Depart men t and worked with the Radical Republicans to protect African American s du ring Reconstruction. As Commanding General, he led the Union Army t o vict ory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly serve d as Se cretary of War.
Raised in Ohio, Grant possessed an exceptional ability with horses. Admi t ted to West Point, Grant graduated 21st in the class of 1843 and serve d w ith distinction in the Mexican–American War. In 1848, he married Juli a De nt, and together they had four children. Grant resigned from the arm y i n 1854 and returned to his family but lived in poverty. He joined th e Uni on Army after the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and rose t o promin ence after winning several early Union victories on the Wester n Theater . In 1863 he led the Vicksburg campaign, which gained control o f the Miss issippi River. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieut enant gener al after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Gra nt fought Ro bert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign and a t Petersburg . After Lee fled Petersburg, Grant defeated him at Appomatto x. On April 9 , 1865, Lee formally surrendered to Grant. A week later, Li ncoln was assa ssinated and was succeeded by President Andrew Johnson, wh o promoted Gran t to General of the Army in 1866. Later Grant openly brok e with Johnson o ver Reconstruction policies; Grant used the Reconstructi on Acts, which ha d been passed over Johnson's veto, to enforce civil rig hts for recently f reed African Americans.
A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominat e d by the Republican Party and was elected president in 1868. As preside nt , Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported Congressio na l Reconstruction, ratification of the 15th Amendment, and crushed th e K u Klux Klan. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. He appoi nte d African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices . I n 1871, Grant created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing c ivi l service more than any prior president. The Liberal Republicans an d Demo crats united behind Grant's opponent in the presidential electio n of 1872 , but Grant was handily re-elected. Grant's Native American pol icy was t o assimilate Indians into the White culture; the Great Sioux Wa r was foug ht during his term. Grant's foreign policy was mostly peaceful , without w ar, the Alabama Claims against Great Britain skillfully resol ved, but hi s prized Caribbean Dominican Republic annexation was rejecte d by the Sena te.
The Grant administration is traditionally known for prevalent scandals i n cluding the Gold Ring and the Whiskey Ring. However, modern scholarshi p h as better appreciated Grant's appointed reformers and prosecutions. G ran t appointed John Brooks Henderson and David Dyer, who prosecuted th e Whis key Ring. Grant appointed Benjamin Bristow and Edwards Pierrepont , who se rved as Grant's anti-corruption team. Grant appointed Zacharia h Chandler , who cleaned up corruption in the Interior. Grant's administr ation prose cuted Mormon polygamists (1871), pornographers, and abortioni sts (1873–18 77). The Panic of 1873 plunged the nation into a severe econ omic depressi on that allowed the Democrats to win the House majority. I n the intensel y disputed presidential election of 1876, Grant facilitate d the approva l by Congress of a peaceful compromise.
In his retirement, Grant was the first president to circumnavigate the w o rld on his tour, dining with Queen Victoria and meeting many prominen t fo reign leaders. In 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Repu blica n presidential nomination for a third term. In the final year of hi s life , facing severe financial reversals and dying of throat cancer, h e wrot e his memoirs, which proved to be a major critical and financial s uccess . At the time of his death, he was memorialized as a symbol of nat ional u nity. Grant was a modern general and "a skillful leader who ha d a natura l grasp of tactics and strategy". Historical assessments of hi s presidenc y have ranked him low, 38th in 1994 and 1996, but Grant has m oved up in r ecent years, to 21st in 2018 and 20th in 2021. Although crit ical of scand als, modern historians have emphasized his two-term preside ntial accompli shments. These included the prosecution of the Klan, treat ment of black s as both human and American, an innovative Native America n policy, and t he peaceful settlements of the Alabama Claims and controv ersial 1876 pres idential election. | Grant, President Hiram Ulysses (I91280)
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At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. | Living (I138601)
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1919–2017
Anna was born on November 25, 1919 and passed away on Friday, Octobe r 6 , 2017.
Anna was a resident of Provo, Utah at the time of passing.
Born in Holden, Utah to John Ralph Wood and Leah Hegglund Duncan. She gr e w up in the small town of Fillmore, UT where she was involved with anyt hi ng that had to do with music: piano, organ, school plays, band, choir , a n d dancing.
Anna lived and worked in Salt Lake City, UT, where she met Sterling Russ e l Snow and they were married in the Manti temple on June 14, 1943. The y s pent 68 wonderful years together.
While Sterling served in the Army, Anna and Carol Ann lived in Fillmor e w ith Anna’s parents. After Sterling’s return, the family moved to Cast le D ale for a year before moving to their permeant residence in Provo, w her e Ron was born and they resided until her passing.
Anna enjoyed fishing with her paddle while trolling on Fish Lake, spendi n g time with family at their cabin in Joes Valley, and road trips with S te rling and many of their friends. She was an avid sewer and was a membe r o f the Sappy Sewers Club. She played organ in sacrament meeting for ma ny y ears, and was active in the ward choir and relief society.
Anna is survived by her daughter, Carol Ann (Emory) Kent, son, Ron (Elen a ) Snow, 10 grandchildren, 31 great-grandchildren, 1 great-great-grandch il d, sister, Elain Gordon, and brother, J. Ralph (Jill) Wood. She is pre ced ed in death by her husband, Sterling Snow, parents, brother, LaVor Wo od , and grandson, Sterling Emory Kent.
The family extends gratitude to the outstanding care given by Anna’s hos p ice care team, Monica, Terri, and Matt.
Funeral services will be held at 11:00 a.m., Saturday, October 14, 2 0 1 7 a t the Provo Peak 4th Ward chapel, 667 North 600 East, Provo, Uta h . Friends may call at the Berg Mortuary of Provo, 185 E Center Street , Pr ovo, Friday evening from 6 until 8 and at the church Saturday from 9 :30-1 0: 30 a.m. prior to services. Interment will be in East Lawn Memori al Hil ls. | Wood, Anna (I5117)
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19th President of the United States.
He was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 19th preside n t of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. Hou s e of Representatives and as governor of Ohio. Before the American Civi l W ar, Hayes was a lawyer and staunch abolitionist who defended refuge e slav es in court proceedings. He served in the Union Army and the Hous e of Rep resentatives before assuming the presidency. His presidency repr esent s a turning point in U.S. history, as historians consider it the fo rmal e nd of Reconstruction. Hayes, a prominent member of the Republica n "Half-B reed" faction, placated both Southern Democrats and Whiggish Re publican b usinessmen by ending the federal government's involvement in a ttempting t o bring racial equality in the South.
As an attorney in Ohio, Hayes served as Cincinnati's city solicitor fr o m 1858 to 1861. At the start of the American Civil War, he left a fledg li ng political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wo und ed five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862 . H e earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to breve t ma jor general. After the war, he served in Congress from 1865 to 186 7 a s a Republican. Hayes left Congress to run for governor of Ohio and w as e lected to two consecutive terms, from 1868 to 1872. He served half o f a t hird two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before his swearing-in as pres ident.
In 1877, Hayes assumed the presidency following the 1876 United States p r esidential election, one of the most contentious in U.S. history. Haye s l ost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, and neither candid at e secured enough electoral votes. According to the U.S. Constitution , i f no candidate wins the Electoral College, the House of Representativ es i s tasked with selecting the new president. Hayes secured a victory w he n a Congressional Commission awarded him 20 contested electoral vote s i n the Compromise of 1877. The electoral dispute was resolved with a b ackr oom deal whereby the southern Democrats acquiesced to Hayes's electi on o n the condition that he end both federal support for Reconstructio n and t he military occupation in the former Confederate States.
Hayes's administration was influenced by his belief in meritocratic gove r nment and in equal treatment without regard to wealth, social standing , o r race. One of the defining events of his presidency was the Great Ra ilro ad Strike of 1877, which he resolved by calling in the US Army again st th e railroad workers. It remains the deadliest conflict between worke rs an d strikebreakers in American history. As president, Hayes implement ed mod est civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further ref orm i n the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act of 1878, whi ch pu t silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices; Hayes sa w th e maintenance of the gold standard as essential to economic recovery . Hi s policy toward western Indians anticipated the assimilationist prog ram o f the Dawes Act of 1887.
At the end of his term, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelectio n a nd retired to his home in Ohio. He became an advocate of social and e duca tional reform. Biographer Ari Hoogenboom has written that Hayes's gr eates t achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and t o rever se the deterioration of executive power that had established itse lf afte r the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. His supporters ha ve prais ed his commitment to civil-service reform; his critics have deri ded his l eniency toward former Confederate states as well as his withdra wal of fed eral support for African Americans' voting and civil rights.[5 ] Historian s and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average to below-av erage presid ent. | Hayes, President Rutherford Birchard (I92160)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Roboam King of Judah (I15062)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Abia (Abajam) King of Judah (I15065)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Naasson (I15068)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Josaphat King of Judah (I15070)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Naomi (I15071)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Joram King of Judah (I15073)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Azor (I15244)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Eliakim (I15421)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Sadoc (I15422)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Achim (I15424)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Eliud (I15425)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Abiud (I15431)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Zorobable Govenor of Judah (I15432)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Ezekias (Hezekiah) King of Judah (I15438)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Achaz (Ahaz) King of Judah (I15439)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Joatham (Jotham) King of Judah (I15440)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Josias King of Judah (I16198)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Salathiel (I41151)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Amon King of Judah (I41152)
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1st Chapter of Matthew | Manasses King of Judah (I41154)
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1st Chapter of Matthew States that Eleazar was the father of Matthan, Ma t than already had a father listed, a daughter was added to Eleazar an d a w ife to Matthan - the graet-grandfather of Jesus, this reconnect th e pedeg ree line as listed in Matthew (Women are not listed except Mary , the moth er Jesus. and Ruth, the wife of Boaz). | Eleazar (I15423)
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1st Chronicles 3:5 | Solomon King of Israel (I15059)
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1st Chronicles 3:5 | Nathan (I15064)
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1st Chronicles 3:5 | Bathsheba (I15084)
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1st Hereitary Governor of Flanders to 802 | Lyderic Count of Harlebec (I15356)
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1st King of West Saxon (519-534), Saxon Earldorman, who founded a settle m ent on the coast of Hampshire, England in 495 (this area later became W es sex); conquered Isle of Wright(534). He is also known as "Cedric the S axo n".
He was the Ancestor of English Royal line.
Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families by Michel L. Call, chart 716. | Cerdic (I14769)
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1st President of the Church of Christ (later the Church of Jesus Chr i s t o f Latter Day Saints)
He was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Lat t er Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Morm on . By the time of his death, 14 years later, he had attracted tens of t hou sands of followers and founded a religion that continues to the prese nt w ith millions of global adherents.
Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont. By 1817, he had moved with his fami l y to Western New York, the site of intense religious revivalism durin g th e Second Great Awakening. Smith said he experienced a series of visi ons , including one in 1820 during which he saw "two personages" (whom h e eve ntually described as God the Father and Jesus Christ), and anothe r in 182 3 in which an angel directed him to a buried book of golden plat es inscri bed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civil ization. I n 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translatio n of thes e plates called the Book of Mormon. The same year he organize d the Churc h of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christia n church. Memb ers of the church were later called "Latter Day Saints" o r "Mormons", an d Smith announced a revelation in 1838 that renamed the c hurch as The Chu rch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
In 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a commun a l American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and establishe d a n outpost in Independence, Missouri, which was intended to be Zion' s "cen ter place". During the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, publish ed reve lations, and supervised construction of the Kirtland Temple. Beca use of t he collapse of the church-sponsored Kirtland Safety Society Anti -Bankin g Company, violent skirmishes with non-Mormon Missourians, and th e Mormo n extermination order, Smith and his followers established a ne w settleme nt at Nauvoo, Illinois, where he became a spiritual and politi cal leader . In 1844, when the Nauvoo Expositor criticized Smith's powe r and practic e of polygamy, Smith and the Nauvoo city council ordered th e destructio n of their printing press, inflaming anti-Mormon sentiment . Fearing an in vasion of Nauvoo, Smith rode to Carthage, Illinois, to st and trial, but w as killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse.
Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers rega r d as scripture. His teachings discuss the nature of God, cosmology, fam il y structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Hi s fol lowers regard him as a prophet comparable to Moses and Elijah. Seve ral re ligious denominations identify as the continuation of the church t hat h e organized, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Sai nts an d the Community of Christ. | Smith, Joseph Jr (I88760)
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20th President of the United States.
He was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 18 8 1, until his death by assassination six months into his term of office . H e served nine terms in the House of Representatives and is the only s itti ng member of the House to be elected president. Just before his cand idac y for the White House, he was elected to the Senate by the Ohio Gene ral A ssembly, a position he declined when he became president-elect.
Garfield was born into poverty in a log cabin and grew up in northeaste r n Ohio. After graduating from Williams College, he studied law and beca m e an attorney. He was elected as a Republican member of the Ohio Stat e Se nate in 1859, serving until 1861. He opposed Confederate secession , wa s a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, a nd fo ught in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. Garfi eld wa s elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th district. T hrougho ut his congressional service, he firmly supported the gold standa rd and g ained a reputation as a skilled orator. He initially agreed wit h Radica l Republican views on Reconstruction, but later favored a modera te approa ch to civil rights enforcement for freedmen. Garfield's aptitud e for math ematics extended to a notable proof of the Pythagorean theorem , which h e published in 1876.
At the 1880 Republican National Convention, delegates chose Garfield, w h o had not sought the White House, as a compromise presidential nomine e o n the 36th ballot. In the 1880 presidential election, he conducte d a low- key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated Democratic nomine e Winfiel d Scott Hancock. Garfield's accomplishments as president includ ed his res urgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtes y in executiv e appointments, a purge of corruption in the Post Office, a nd his appoint ment of a Supreme Court justice.
A member of the intraparty "Half-Breed" faction, Garfield used the powe r s of the presidency to defy the powerful "Stalwart" New York senator Ro sc oe Conkling by appointing Blaine faction leader William H. Robertson t o t he lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York, triggerin g a frac as that resulted in Robertson's confirmation and the resignation s of Conk ling and Thomas C. Platt from the Senate. Garfield advocated ag ricultura l technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for Afri can Americ ans. He also proposed substantial civil service reforms, whic h were passe d by Congress in 1883 as the Pendleton Civil Service Refor m Act and signe d into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur.
On July 2, 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed and delusional offi c e seeker, shot Garfield at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Statio n i n Washington. The wound was not immediately fatal. He died on Septemb er 1 9, 1881, from infections caused by his doctors. | Garfield, President James Abram (I90479)
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220-159 BC Chlodius fought against and withstood continued invasions fr o m the Romans and Gauls. | Clodius King of Cimbrien (I14409)
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22nd & 24th President of the United States.
He was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24 t h president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 189 7 . Cleveland is the only president in American history to serve two nonc on secutive terms in office. He won the popular vote for three presidenti a l elections—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was one of two Democrats (follo we d by Woodrow Wilson in 1912) to be elected president during the era o f Re publican presidential domination dating from 1861 to 1933.
In 1881, Cleveland was elected mayor of Buffalo and later, governor of N e w York. He was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opp os ed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism, and subsidies t o bu siness, farmers, or veterans. His crusade for political reform and f isca l conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the er a. Cl eveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and c ommitm ent to the principles of classical liberalism. He fought politica l corrup tion, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer, Cleveland had suc h prestig e that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party, called "Mu gwumps", l argely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his sup port in th e 1884 election. As his second administration began, disaste r hit the nat ion when the Panic of 1893 produced a severe national depre ssion. It ruin ed his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republica n landslide in 18 94 and for the agrarian and silverite seizure of the De mocratic Party i n 1896. The result was a political realignment that ende d the Third Part y System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Pr ogressive Era.
Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding c r iticism. His intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 to keep the rai lr oads moving angered labor unions nationwide in addition to the party i n I llinois; his support of the gold standard and opposition to Free Silv er a lienated the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party.[5] Critics compl aine d that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by th e nat ion's economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term . Eve n so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the tr ouble s of his second term. Biographer Allan Nevins wrote, "[I]n Grover C levela nd, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. H e had n o endowments that thousands of men do not have. He possessed hone sty, cou rage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possesse d them t o a degree other men do not." By the end of his second term, pub lic perce ption showed him to be one of the most unpopular U.S. president s, and h e was by then rejected even by most Democrats. Today, Clevelan d is consid ered by most historians to have been a successful leader, an d has been pr aised for honesty, integrity, adherence to his morals and d efying party b oundaries, and effective leadership. | Cleveland, President Stephen Grover (I90796)
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23rd President of the United States.
He was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 23rd preside n t of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the nin t h president, William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin H ar rison V, a founding father who signed the United States Declaration o f In dependence.
Harrison was born on a farm by the Ohio River and graduated from Miami U n iversity in Oxford, Ohio. After moving to Indianapolis, he establishe d hi mself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, an d poli tician in Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in th e Unio n Army as a colonel, and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a bre vet bri gadier general of volunteers in 1865. Harrison unsuccessfully ra n for gov ernor of Indiana in 1876. The Indiana General Assembly electe d Harrison t o a six-year term in the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1 881 to 1887.
A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeatin g t he Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland in the Electoral College des pit e losing the popular vote. Hallmarks of Harrison's administration inc lude d unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff , whic h imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitru st Act . Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest re serve s through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891. During hi s admin istration six western states were admitted to the Union. In addit ion, Har rison substantially strengthened and modernized the U.S. Navy an d conduct ed an active foreign policy, but his proposals to secure federa l educatio n funding as well as voting rights enforcement for African Ame ricans wer e unsuccessful.
Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spendi n g reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term. The s pe nding issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 m idt erm elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for reelection in 1892, du e t o the growing unpopularity of high tariffs and high federal spending . H e returned to private life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1 89 9 he represented Venezuela in its British Guiana boundary dispute wit h th e United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to the court of Paris as part o f th e case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis. He died at h is ho me in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. Many ha ve pra ised Harrison's commitment to African Americans' voting rights, bu t schol ars and historians generally regard his administration as below a verage d ue to its corruption, as well as focused criticism on his signin g of th e McKinley Tariff. They rank him in the bottom half among U.S. pr esidents . | Harrison, President Benjamin (I92501)
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26th President of the United States.
He was often referred to as Teddy or his initials T. R., was an Americ a n politician, statesman, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and wr it er who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 t o 190 9. He previously served as the 25th vice president under William Mc Kinle y from March to September 1901, and as the 33rd governor of New Yor k fro m 1899 to 1900. Having assumed the presidency after McKinley's assa ssinat ion, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the Republican Party and bec ame a d riving force for anti-trust and Progressive policies.
Roosevelt was a sickly child with debilitating asthma but partly overca m e his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle. He integrate d h is exuberant personality, a vast range of interests and achievement s int o a "cowboy" persona defined by robust masculinity. He was home-sch oole d and began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard . Hi s book The Naval War of 1812 (1882) established his reputation a s a learn ed historian and popular writer. Upon entering politics, he bec ame the le ader of the reform faction of Republicans in New York's stat e legislature . His wife and mother both died in the same night and he wa s psychologica lly devastated. He recuperated by buying and operating a c attle ranch i n the Dakotas. He served as Assistant Secretary of the Nav y under Preside nt William McKinley and in 1898 helped plan the highly su ccessful naval w ar against Spain. He resigned to help form and lead th e Rough Riders, a u nit that fought the Spanish army in Cuba to great pub licity. Returnin g a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 189 8. The New York s tate party leadership disliked his ambitious agenda an d convinced McKinle y to make Roosevelt his running mate in the 1900 elec tion. Roosevelt camp aigned vigorously, and the McKinley–Roosevelt ticke t won a landslide vict ory based on a platform of victory, peace and pros perity.
Roosevelt assumed the presidency at age 42 after McKinley was assassinat e d in September 1901. He remains the youngest person to become presiden t o f the United States. Roosevelt was a leader of the progressive moveme nt a nd championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the ave rag e citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, an d pur e food and drugs. He prioritized conservation and established natio nal pa rks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natu ral res ources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America where h e began c onstruction of the Panama Canal. He expanded the Navy and sen t the Grea t White Fleet on a world tour to project American naval power . His succes sful efforts to broker the end of the Russo-Japanese War wo n him the 190 6 Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was elected to a full term i n 1904 and con tinued to promote progressive policies. He groomed his clo se friend Willi am Howard Taft to succeed him in the 1908 presidential el ection.
Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's brand of conservatism and belated l y tried to win the 1912 Republican nomination for president. He failed , w alked out, and founded the Progressive Party. He ran in the 1912 pres iden tial election and the split allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow W ilso n to win the election. Following the defeat, Roosevelt led a two-yea r exp edition to the Amazon basin where he nearly died of tropical diseas e. Dur ing World War I, he criticized Wilson for keeping the country ou t of th e war; his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. He co nsidere d running for president again in 1920, but his health continued t o deteri orate. He died in 1919. He is generally ranked in polls of histo rians an d political scientists as one of the five best presidents. | Roosevelt, President Theodore "Teddy" Jr (I92269)
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27th President of the United States.
He was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the ten t h chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to ha v e held both offices. Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen suc ce ssor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection in 1912 b y Wo odrow Wilson after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running a s a th ird-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointe d Taf t to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before hi s death.
Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, w a s a U.S. attorney general and secretary of war. Taft attended Yale an d jo ined the Skull and Bones, of which his father was a founding member . Afte r becoming a lawyer, Taft was appointed a judge while still in hi s twenti es. He continued a rapid rise, being named solicitor general an d a judg e of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1901, President Will iam McKin ley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 190 4, Rooseve lt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelt's hand-p icked succe ssor. Despite his personal ambition to become chief justice , Taft decline d repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of t he United State s, believing his political work to be more important.
With Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nom i nation for president in 1908 and easily defeated William Jennings Brya n f or the presidency in that November's election. In the White House, h e foc used on East Asia more than European affairs and repeatedly interve ned t o prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reducti ons t o trade tariffs, then a major source of governmental income, but th e resu lting bill was heavily influenced by special interests. His admini stratio n was filled with conflict between the Republican Party's conserv ative wi ng, with which Taft often sympathized, and its progressive wing , toward w hich Roosevelt moved more and more. Controversies over conserv ation and a ntitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to fur ther separat e the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination i n 1912. Taft u sed his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majo rity of delegat es and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft wi th little chanc e of reelection, and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wil son's victory.
After leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing h i s political activity and working against war through the League to Enfo rc e Peace. In 1921, Harding appointed Taft chief justice, an office he h a d long sought. Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issue s , and under him there were advances in individual rights. In poor healt h , he resigned in February 1930, and died the following month. He was bu ri ed at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supre m e Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near th e m iddle in historians' rankings of U.S. presidents. | Taft, President William Howard (I28384)
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29th President of the United States.
He served as the 29th president of the United States from 1921 until h i s death in 1923. He was a member of the Republican Party and one of th e m ost popular sitting U.S. presidents. After his death, a number of sca ndal s were exposed, including Teapot Dome, as well as an extramarital af fai r with Nan Britton, which diminished his regard.
Harding lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political servic e t ook him elsewhere. As a young man, he bought The Marion Star and buil t i t into a successful newspaper. Harding served in the Ohio State Senat e fr om 1900 to 1904, and was lieutenant governor for two years. He was d efeat ed for governor in 1910, but was elected to the United States Senat e in 1 914, the state's first direct election for that office. Harding ra n for t he Republican nomination for president in 1920, but was considere d a lon g shot before the convention. When the leading candidates could n ot garne r a majority, and the convention deadlocked, support for Hardin g increase d, and he was nominated on the tenth ballot. He conducted a fr ont porch c ampaign, remaining mostly in Marion, and allowed the people t o come to hi m. He promised a return to normalcy of the pre-World War per iod, and wo n in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox, to become the fi rst sittin g senator elected president.
Harding appointed a number of respected figures to his cabinet, includi n g Andrew Mellon at Treasury, Herbert Hoover at Commerce, and Charles Ev an s Hughes at the State Department. A major foreign policy achievement c am e with the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, in which the worl d' s major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that last e d a decade. Harding released political prisoners who had been arreste d fo r their opposition to the World War.
Harding's Interior Secretary, Albert B. Fall, and his Attorney General , H arry Daugherty, were each later tried for corruption in office. Fal l wa s convicted though Daugherty was not. These and other scandals great ly da maged Harding's posthumous reputation; he is generally regarded a s one o f the worst presidents in U.S. history. Harding died of a heart a ttack i n San Francisco while on a western tour, and was succeeded by Vic e Presid ent Calvin Coolidge. | Harding, President Warren Gamaliel (I93133)
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2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
He was an American religious leader and politician. He was the second pr e sident of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church ) fr om 1847 until his death in 1877. During his time as church president , You ng led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, west from Nauvoo, Illino is t o the Salt Lake Valley. He founded Salt Lake City and served as th e firs t governor of the Utah Territory. Young also worked to establish t he lear ning institutions which would later become the University of Uta h and Bri gham Young University. A polygamist, Young had at least 55 wive s and 56 c hildren. He instituted a ban prohibiting conferring the priest hood on me n of black African descent, and led the church in the Utah Wa r against th e United States.
Governor of Utah Territory
A beardless Brigham Young in 1853
The Utah Territory was created by Congress as part of the Compromise o f 1 850, and as colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appoin te d the territory's first governor and superintendent of American India n af fairs by President Millard Fillmore on February 3, 1851. He was swor n i n by Justice Daniel H. Wells for a salary of $1,500 a year, and name d a s superintendent of Indian Affairs for an additional $1,000. During h is t ime as governor, Young directed the establishment of settlements thr ougho ut present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts o f sout hern Colorado and northern Mexico. Under his direction, the Mormon s buil t roads and bridges, forts, irrigation projects; established publi c welfa re; organized a militia; issued a "selective extermination" orde r agains t male Timpanogos and after a series of wars eventually made pea ce with t he Native Americans. Young was also one of the first to subscri be to Unio n Pacific stock, for the construction of the First Transcontin ental Railr oad. He also authorized the construction of the Utah Centra l railroad lin e, which connected Salt Lake City to the Union Pacific tra nscontinental r ailroad. Young organized the first Utah Territorial Legis lature and estab lished Fillmore as the territory's first capital.
Young established a gold mint in 1849 and called for the minting of coi n s using gold dust which had been accumulated from travelers during th e Go ld Rush. The mint was closed in 1861 by Alfred Cumming, gubernatoria l suc cessor to Young. Young also organized a board of regents to establi sh a u niversity in the Salt Lake Valley. It was established on Februar y 28, 185 0, as the University of Deseret; its name was eventually change d to the U niversity of Utah. In 1849, Young arranged for a printing pres s to be bro ught to the Salt Lake Valley, and established the Deseret New s periodical .
Brigham Young photographed by Charles Roscoe Savage, 1855
In 1851, Young and several federal officials—including territorial Secre t ary Broughton Harris—became unable to work cooperatively. Within month s , Harris and the others departed their Utah appointments without replac em ents being named, and their posts remained unfilled for the next two y ear s. These individuals later became known as the Runaway Officials of 1 851.
Young supported slavery and its expansion into Utah, and led the effor t s to legalize and regulate slavery in the 1852 Act in Relation to Servi ce , based on his beliefs on slavery. Young said in an 1852 speech, "In a s m uch as we believe in the Bible... we must believe in slavery. This co lore d race have been subjected to severe curses... which they have broug ht up on themselves." Seven years later in 1859, Young stated in an inter view w ith the New York Tribune that he considered slavery a "divine inst itution ... not to be abolished".
In 1856, Young organized an efficient mail service. In 1858, following t h e events of the Utah War, he stepped down to his gubernatorial successo r , Alfred Cumming.
LDS Church president
Young is the longest-serving president of The Church of Jesus Christ o f L atter-day Saints to date, having served for 29 years.
Educational endeavors
During time as prophet and governor, Young encouraged each bishop to est a blish a grade school for his congregation, which would be supported b y vo lunteer work and tithing payments. Young viewed education as a proce ss o f learning how to make the Kingdom of God a reality on earth, and a t th e core of his "philosophy of education" was the belief that the chur ch ha d within itself all that was necessary to save mankind materially , spirit ually, and intellectually.
On October 16, 1875, Young deeded buildings and land in Provo, Uta h t o a board of trustees for establishing an institution of learning, os tens ibly as part of the University of Deseret. Young said, "I hope to se e a n Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter -da y Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious ath eist ic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of th e coun try." The school broke off from the University of Deseret and beca me Brig ham Young Academy in 1876 under the leadership of Karl G. Maeser , and wa s the precursor to Brigham Young University.
Within the church, Young reorganized the Relief Society for women in 186 7 , and created organizations for young women in 1869 and young men in 18 75 . The Young Women organization was first called the Retrenchment Assoc iat ion, and was intended to promote the turning of young girls away fro m th e costly and extravagant ways of the world. It later became known a s th e Young Ladies Mutual Improvement Association, and was a charter mem ber o f the National Council of Women and International Council of Women.
Young also organized a committee to refine the Deseret alphabet—a phonet i c alphabet which had been developed sometime between 1847 and 1854. Dur in g its heyday, the alphabet was used in two Deseret News articles, tw o ele mentary readers, and in a translation of the Book of Mormon. By 187 0, i t had all but disappeared from use.
Temple building
Young was involved in temple building throughout his membership in the L D S Church, making it a priority during his time as church president. Und e r Smith's leadership, Young participated in the building of the Kirtla n d and Nauvoo temples. Just four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Va ll ey, Young designated the location for the Salt Lake Temple; he preside d o ver its groundbreaking years later on April 6, 1853. During his tenur e, Y oung oversaw construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and announce d plan s to build the St. George (1871), Manti (1875), and Logan (1877) t emples . He also provisioned the building of the Endowment House, a "temp orary t emple" which began to be used in 1855 to provide temple ordinance s to chu rch members while the Salt Lake Temple was under construction.
Teachings
The majority of Young's teachings are contained in the 19 volumes of tra n scribed and edited sermons in the Journal of Discourses. The LDS Church ' s Doctrine and Covenants contains one section from Young that has bee n ca nonized as scripture, added in 1876.
Polygamy
Though polygamy was practiced by Young's predecessor Joseph Smith Jr., t h e practice is often associated with Young. Some Latter Day Saint denomi na tions, such as the Community of Christ, consider Young the "Father o f Mor mon Polygamy". In 1853, Young made the church's first official stat emen t on the subject since the church had arrived in Utah. Young acknowl edge d that the doctrine was challenging for many women, but stated its n ecess ity for creating large families, proclaiming: "But the first wife w ill sa y, 'It is hard, for I have lived with my husband twenty years, o r thirty , and have raised a family of children for him, and it is a grea t trial t o me for him to have more women;' then I say it is time that yo u gave hi m up to other women who will bear children."
Adam-God doctrine and blood atonement
One of the more controversial teachings of Young during the Mormon Refor m ation was the Adam–God doctrine. According to Young, he was taught by S mi th that Adam is "our Father and our God, and the only God with whom w e ha ve to do". According to the doctrine, Adam was once a mortal man wh o beca me resurrected and exalted. From another planet, Adam brought Eve , one o f his wives, with him to the earth, where they became mortal by e ating th e fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. After bearin g mortal c hildren and establishing the human race, Adam and Eve returne d to their h eavenly thrones where Adam acts as the god of this world. La ter, as Youn g is generally understood to have taught, Adam returned to t he earth to b ecome the biological father of Jesus. The LDS Church has si nce repudiate d the Adam–God doctrine.
Young also taught the doctrine of blood atonement, in which the atoneme n t of Jesus cannot redeem an eternal sin, which included apostasy, thef t , fornication (but not sodomy), or adultery. Instead, those who committ e d such sins could partially atone for their sin by sacrificing their li f e in a way that sheds blood. The LDS Church has formally repudiated th e d octrine as early as 1889, and multiple times since the days of Young.
Priesthood ban for black men
Young is generally considered to have instituted a church ban against co n ferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, who had been tr ea ted equally to white men in this respect under Smith's presidency. Aft e r settling in Utah in 1848, Young announced the ban, which also forbad e b lacks from participating in Mormon temple rites such as the endowmen t o r sealings. On many occasions, Young taught that blacks were denied t he p riesthood because they were "the seed of Cain." In 1863, Young state d: "S hall I tell you the law of God in regard to the African race? If th e whit e man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the see d of Cai n, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. Thi s will alw ays be so." Young was also a vocal opponent of theories of hum an polygene sis, being a firm voice for stating that all humans were th e product of o ne creation.
Throughout his time as prophet, Young went to great lengths to deny th e a ssumption that he was the author of the practice of priesthood denia l t o black men, asserting instead that the Lord was. According to Young , th e matter was beyond his personal control, and was divinely determine d rat her than historically or personally as many assumed. Young taught t hat th e day would come when black men would again have the priesthood, s aying t hat after "all the other children of Adam have the privilege of r eceivin g the Priesthood, and of coming into the kingdom of God, and of b eing red eemed from the four-quarters of the earth, and have received the ir resurr ection from the dead, then it will be time enough to remove th e curse fro m Cain and his posterity."
These racial restrictions remained in place until 1978, when the polic y w as rescinded by President Spencer W. Kimball, and the church subseque ntl y "disavow[ed] theories advanced in the past" to explain this ban, th ereb y "plac[ing] the origins of black priesthood denial blame squarely o n Bri gham Young."
Mormon Reformation
Main article: Mormon Reformation
During 1856 and 1857, a period of renewed emphasis on spirituality with i n the church known as the Mormon Reformation took place under Young's d ir ection. The Mormon Reformation called for a spiritual reawakening amon g m embers of the church, and took place largely in the Utah Territory. J eded iah M. Grant, one of the key figures of the Reformation and one of Y oung' s counselors, traveled throughout the Territory preaching to Latter -day S aint communities and settlements with the goal of inspiring them t o rejec t sin and turn towards spiritual things. As part of the Reformati on, almo st all "active" or involved LDS Church members were rebaptized a s a symbo l of their commitment. At a church meeting on September 21, 185 6, Brigha m Young stated: “We need a reformation in the midst of this peo ple; we ne ed a thorough reform.” Large gatherings and meetings during th is period w ere conducted by Young and Grant, and Young played a key rol e in the circ ulation of the Mormon Reformation with his emphasis on plur al marriage, r ebaptism, and passionate preaching and oration. It was dur ing this perio d that the controversial doctrine of blood atonement was o ccasionally pre ached by Young, though it was repudiated in 1889 and neve r practiced by m embers of the church. The Reformation appeared to have e nded completely b y early 1858.
Conflicts
Shortly after the arrival of Young's pioneers, the new Latter-day Sain t c olonies were incorporated into the United States through the Mexica n Cess ion. Young petitioned the U.S. Congress to create the State of Des eret. T he Compromise of 1850 instead carved out Utah Territory and Youn g was app ointed governor. As governor and church president, Young direct ed both re ligious and economic matters. He encouraged independence and s elf-suffici ency. Many cities and towns in Utah, and some in neighborin g states, wer e founded under Young's direction. Young's leadership styl e has been view ed as autocratic.
Utah War
When federal officials received reports of widespread and systematic obs t ruction of federal officials in Utah (most notably judges), U.S. Presid en t James Buchanan decided in early 1857 to install a non-Mormon governo r . Buchanan accepted the reports of the Runaway Officials without any fu rt her investigation, and the new non-sectarian governor was appointed an d s ent to the new territory accompanied by 2,500 soldiers.: 200 When Yo un g received word in July that federal troops were headed to Utah with h i s replacement, he called out his militia to ambush the federal force us in g delaying tactics. During the defense of Utah, now called the Utah Wa r , Young held the U.S. Army at bay for a winter by taking their cattle a n d burning supply wagons. Young eventually reached a settlement with th e a id of a peace commission and agreed to step down as governor. He late r re ceived a pardon from Buchanan.
Mountain Meadows massacre
Brigham Young (seated near the middle, wearing a tall beaver hat) an d a n exploring party camped at the Colorado River in 1870
The degree of Young's involvement in the Mountain Meadows massacre, whi c h took place in Washington County in 1857, is disputed. Leonard J. Arri ng ton reports that Young received a rider at his office on the day of th e m assacre, and that when he learned of the contemplated attack by membe rs o f the church in Parowan and Cedar City, he sent back a letter direct ing t hat the Fancher party be allowed to pass through the territory unmo lested . Young's letter reportedly arrived on September 13, 1857, two day s afte r the massacre. As governor, Young had promised the federal govern ment h e would protect immigrants passing through Utah Territory, but ove r 120 m en, women and children were killed in this incident. There is n o debate c oncerning the involvement of individual Mormons from the surro unding comm unities by scholars. Only children under the age of seven, wh o were care d for by local Mormon families, survived, and the murdered me mbers of th e wagon train were left unburied. The remains of about 40 peo ple were lat er found and buried, and Union Army officer James Henry Carl eton had a la rge cross made from local trees, the transverse beam bearin g the engravin g, "Vengeance Is Mine, Saith The Lord: I Will Repay" and e rected a cair n of rocks at the site. A large slab of granite was put u p on which he ha d the following words engraved: "Here 120 men, women an d children were ma ssacred in cold blood early in September, 1857. They w ere from Arkansas. " For two years, the monument stood as a memorial to t hose travelling th e Spanish Trail through Mountain Meadow. According t o Wilford Woodruff, i n 1861 Young brought an entourage to Mountain Meado ws and suggested tha t the monument read "Vengeance is mine and I have ta ken a little".
Death
Young is buried on the grounds of the Mormon Pioneer Memorial Monumen t i n Salt Lake City.
Before his death in Salt Lake City on August 29, 1877, Young was sufferi n g from cholera morbus and inflammation of the bowels. It is believed th a t he died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix. His last words wer e "J oseph! Joseph! Joseph!", invoking the name of the late Joseph Smit h Jr, f ounder of the Latter Day Saint movement. On September 2, 1877, Yo ung's fu neral was held in the Tabernacle with an estimated 12,000 to 15, 000 peopl e in attendance. He is buried on the grounds of the Mormon Pion eer Memori al Monument in the heart of Salt Lake City. A bronze marker wa s placed a t the grave site June 10, 1938, by members of the Young Men an d Young Wom en organizations, which he founded. | Young, Brigham (I86590)
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31st President of the United States.
He was an American politician and engineer who served as the 31st presid e nt of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republic a n Party, holding office during the onset of the Great Depression. Befo r e serving as president, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgiu m , served as the director of the U.S. Food Administration, and served a s t he third U.S. secretary of commerce.
Hoover was born to a Quaker family in West Branch, Iowa, but he grew u p i n Oregon. He took a position with a London-based mining company afte r gra duating from Stanford University in 1895. After the outbreak of Wor ld Wa r I, he became the head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, a n inter national relief organization that provided food to occupied Belgi um. Whe n the U.S. entered the war, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Ho over t o lead the Food Administration, and Hoover became known as the cou ntry' s "food czar". After the war, Hoover led the American Relief Admini strati on, which provided food to the inhabitants of Central and Easter n Europe . Hoover's wartime service made him a favorite of many progressi ves, an d he unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the 192 0 presiden tial election.
President Warren G. Harding appointed Hoover as Secretary of Commerc e i n 1920, and he continued to serve under President Calvin Coolidge aft er H arding died in 1923. Hoover was an unusually active and visible Cabi net m ember, becoming known as "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretar y of al l other departments". He was influential in the development of ai r trave l and radio. He led the federal response to the Great Mississipp i Flood o f 1927. Hoover won the Republican nomination in the 1928 presid ential ele ction, and defeated Democratic candidate Al Smith in a landsli de. In 192 9 Hoover assumed the presidency during a period of widesprea d economic st ability. However the economy would take a drastic turn whe n the stock mar ket crashed. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the beg inning of the Gr eat Depression. The Great Depression dominated Hoover' s presidency and h e pursued a variety of policies in an attempt to lif t the economy. Hoove r strongly opposed directly involving the federal go vernment in relief ef forts.
In the midst of the economic crisis, Hoover was decisively defeated by D e mocratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential electio n . Hoover's retirement was over 31 years long, one of the longest presid en tial retirements. He authored numerous works and became increasingly c ons ervative in retirement. He strongly criticized Roosevelt's foreign po lic y and New Deal domestic agenda. In the 1940s and 1950s, public opinio n o f Hoover improved largely due to his service in various assignments f or p residents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower, including chairi ng th e influential Hoover Commission. Nevertheless, Herbert Hoover is of ten re garded as a below-average U.S. president, and most polls of histor ians an d political scientists rank him as one of the worst presidents i n US hist ory. | Hoover, President Herbert Clark "Berte" (I91153)
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32nd President of the United States.
He often was referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politici a n and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States fr o m 1933 until his death in 1945. As a member of the Democratic Party, h e w on a record four presidential elections and became a central figure i n wo rld events during the first half of the 20th century. Roosevelt dire cte d the federal government during most of the Great Depression, impleme ntin g his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic cri sis i n U.S. history. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the Ne w Dea l Coalition, which defined modern liberalism in the United States t hrough out the middle third of the 20th century. His third and fourth ter ms wer e dominated by World War II, which ended shortly after he died i n office.
Born into the Roosevelt family in Hyde Park, New York, he graduated fr o m both Groton School and Harvard College, and attended Columbia Law Sch oo l, which he left after passing the bar exam to practice law in New Yor k C ity. In 1905, he married his fifth cousin once removed, Eleanor Roose velt . They had six children, of whom five survived into adulthood. He wo n ele ction to the New York State Senate in 1910, and then served as Assi stan t Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during Worl d War I . Roosevelt was James M. Cox's running mate on the Democratic Par ty's 192 0 national ticket, but Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G . Harding . In 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness, believed a t the tim e to be polio, and his legs became permanently paralyzed. Whil e attemptin g to recover from his condition, Roosevelt founded a polio re habilitatio n center in Warm Springs, Georgia. Although unable to walk un aided, Roose velt returned to public office after his election as governo r of New Yor k in 1928. He served as governor from 1929 to 1933, promotin g programs t o combat the economic crisis besetting the United States.
In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican incumbe n t Herbert Hoover in a landslide. The Roosevelt presidency began in th e mi dst of the Great Depression and during the first 100 days of the 73r d U.S . Congress, he spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation. He al so iss ued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal— a variet y of programs designed to produce relief, recovery, and reform . He create d numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and f armers whil e seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Admini stration an d other agencies. He also instituted major regulatory reform s related t o finance, communications, and labor. In addition to the econ omy Roosevel t also sought to curtail the rising crime brought about beca use of Prohib ition.[2] After campaigning on a platform to repeal it, Roo sevelt impleme nted the Beer Permit Act and enforced the 21st amendment . He used radio t o speak directly to the American people, giving 30 "fir eside chat" radi o addresses during his presidency and became the first A merican presiden t to be televised. The economy improved rapidly from 193 3 to 1936, and Ro osevelt won a landslide reelection in 1936. After the e lection, he sough t passage of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 193 7 (or "court packi ng plan"), intending to expand the size of the Suprem e Court. The bill wa s blocked by the newly formed bipartisan Conservativ e Coalition which als o sought to prevent further New Deal legislation, a s a result the econom y began to decline which lead to the recession of 1 937–1938. Other majo r 1930s legislation and agencies implemented under R oosevelt include th e Securities and Exchange Commission, the National La bor Relations Act, t he Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Sec urity, and the Fair L abor Standards Act.
Roosevelt was reelected in 1940 for his third term, making him the onl y U .S. president to serve for more than two terms. By 1939 another Worl d Wa r was on the horizon which prompted the United States to respond b y passi ng a series of laws affirming neutrality and rejecting interventi on. Desp ite this President Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financia l suppor t to China, the United Kingdom, and eventually the Soviet Union . Followin g the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, a n event he ca lled "a date which will live in infamy", Roosevelt obtaine d a congression al declaration of war against Japan. On December 11th Jap an's allies, Naz i Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United S tates. In respons e the US formally joined the Allies and entered the Eur opean theater of w ar. Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins and with ve ry strong nationa l support, he worked closely with British Prime Ministe r Winston Churchil l, Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin, and Chines e Generalissimo Chia ng Kai-shek in leading the Allied Powers against th e Axis Powers. Rooseve lt supervised the mobilization of the U.S. econom y to support the war eff ort and implemented a Europe first strategy, ini tiating the Lend-Lease pr ogram and making the defeat of Germany firs t a priority over that of Japa n. His administration oversaw the construc tion of The Pentagon, initiate d the development of the world's first ato mic bomb, and worked with othe r Allied leaders to lay the groundwork fo r the United Nations and other p ost-war institutions. It was under his w artime leadership that the Unite d States became a superpower on the worl d stage.
Roosevelt won reelection in the 1944 presidential election on his post-w a r recovery platform. His physical health began declining during the lat e r war years, and less than three months into his fourth term, Roosevel t d ied on April 12, 1945. Vice President Harry S. Truman assumed offic e as p resident and oversaw the acceptance of surrender by the Axis power s. Som e of Roosevelt's actions have faced substantial criticism, such a s his or dering of the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans. N everthele ss, he is consistently ranked by scholars, political scientists , and hist orians as being among the nation's three greatest presidents , alongside G eorge Washington and Abraham Lincoln. | Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano (I92308)
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33rd President of the United States.
He was an American politician who was the 33rd president of the United S t ates from 1945 to 1953. A lifetime member of the Democratic Party, he p re viously served as a US Senator from the State of Missouri from 1935 t o 19 45. He was chosen as incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt's run nin g mate for the 1944 presidential election. Truman was inaugurated a s vice -president in 1945 and served for less than three months until Pre siden t Roosevelt died. Now serving as president, Truman implemented th e Marsha ll Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and establishe d both th e Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of communis m. He prop osed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted b y the Conse rvative Coalition that dominated the Congress.
Truman grew up in Independence, Missouri, and during World War I fough t i n France as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning home, he open e d a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and was later elected as a J ac kson County official in 1922. Truman was elected to the United State s Sen ate from Missouri in 1934 and gained national prominence as chairma n of t he Truman Committee, which was aimed at reducing waste and ineffic iency i n wartime contracts. Soon after succeeding to the presidency, h e authoriz ed the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war. Truman' s administrat ion engaged in an internationalist foreign policy and renou nced isolation ism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 p residential ele ction and won a surprise victory against Thomas E. Dewe y that secured hi s own presidential term.
After the onset of the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift and M a rshall Plan in 1948. When North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he g ai ned United Nations approval to intervene in the Korean War. He did no t as k for congressional approval, and as the war stalemated his populari ty fe ll. His administration successfully guided the U.S. economy throug h the p ostwar economic challenges; the expected postwar depression neve r happene d. In 1948, he submitted the first comprehensive civil rights l egislation . It did not pass, so he instead issued Executive Orders 998 0 and 9981 t o begin racial equality in federal agencies and the military .
Corruption in the Truman administration became a central campaign issu e i n the 1952 presidential election. He was eligible for reelection in 1 952 , but with weak polls he decided not to run. Republican Dwight D. Eis enho wer attacked Truman's record and won easily. Truman went into a reti remen t marked by the founding of his presidential library and the public atio n of his memoirs. It was long thought that his retirement years wer e fina ncially difficult for Truman, resulting in Congress voting a pensi on fo r former presidents, but ample evidence eventually emerged that h e amasse d considerable wealth after leaving office. When he left office , Truman' s presidency was heavily criticized, though critical reassessme nt of hi s presidency has improved his reputation among historians and th e genera l population. | Truman, President Harry S (I92051)
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