Aveline

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LKV8-TT1
• Initiatory (LDS): 1 Jan 1936, SGEOR

Aveline married James de Saint Hilary before 1132. James (son of Hascuf) was born about 1107 in Dalling, Norfolk, England; died in 1154 in Field Dalling, Norfolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

1. Maud de Saint Hilary was born about 1137 in Beckenham, Surrey, England; died on 24 Dec 1193 in Norfolk, England.

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LVKC-K29
• Initiatory (LDS): 22 Feb 1895

Alaxandair + Sibylla de Normandy. Sibylla (daughter of Henry "Beauclerc" Normandy, I King of England and Sybilla Corbet) was born in 1092 in Domfront, Orne, Basse-Normandie, République française; died on 12 Jul 1122 in Loch Tay, Perthshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: KJ5F-4NL
• Initiatory (LDS): 18 Jan 1932

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: KN4J-P1M
• Initiatory (LDS): 1 Mar 1894

Notes:

Reign: 1058-1093
Colonial and Revolutionary Lineages of America (973 D2ah) Vol.2


Malcolm III (Gaelic: Máel Coluim; c. 26 March 1031-13 November 1093) w a s King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore" ("c ea nn mòr", Gaelic for "Great Chief": "ceann" denotes "leader", "head" (o f s tate) and "mòr" denotes "pre-eminent", "great", and "big"). Malcolm' s lon g reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age.

Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotl a nd: the north and west of Scotland remained under Scandinavian, Norse-G ae l, and Gaelic rule, and the territories under the rule of the Kings o f Sc ots did not extend much beyond the limits established by Malcolm I I unti l the 12th century. Malcolm III fought a series of wars against th e Kingd om of England, which may have had as its objective the conquest o f the En glish earldom of Northumbria. These wars did not result in any s ignifican t advances southward. Malcolm's primary achievement was to cont inue a lin eage that ruled Scotland for many years, although his role a s founder o f a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his younges t son Davi d I and his descendants than with history.

Malcolm's second wife, St. Margaret of Scotland, is Scotland's only roy a l saint. Malcolm himself had no reputation for piety; with the notabl e ex ception of Dunfermline Abbey in Fife he is not definitely associate d wit h major religious establishments or ecclesiastical reforms.

«b»Background«/b»
Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malc o lm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. A cc ording to John of Fordun, whose account is the original source of par t a t least of William Shakespeare's Macbeth, Malcolm's mother was a niec e o f Siward, Earl of Northumbria, but an earlier king-list gives her th e Gae lic name Suthen. Other sources claim that either a daughter or niec e woul d have been too young to fit the timeline, thus the likely relativ e woul d have been Siward's own sister Sybil, which may have translated i nto Gae lic as Suthen.

Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed by Macbeth on 15 Aug u st 1040. Although Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Malcolm as a grown ma n a nd his father as an old one, it appears that Duncan was still young i n 10 40, and Malcolm and his brother Donalbane were children. Malcolm's f amil y did attempt to overthrow Macbeth in 1045, but Malcolm's grandfathe r Crí nán of Dunkeld was killed in the attempt.

Soon after the death of Duncan his two young sons were sent away for gre a ter safety exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one ver si on, Malcolm (then aged about nine) was sent to England, and his younge r b rother Donalbane was sent to the Isles. Based on Fordun's account, i t wa s assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reig n in t he Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor. Today' s Briti sh Royal family can trace their family history back to Malcolm II I via hi s youngest daughter Mary.

According to an alternative version, Malcolm's mother took both sons in t o exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enem y o f Macbeth's family, and perhaps Duncan's kinsman by marriage.

An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in comman d , had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the kin g o f the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim has traditionally been identifie d wit h the later Malcolm III. This interpretation derives from the Chron icle a ttributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Ford un, a s well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The l atte r reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it i s kno wn that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argue d in 2 002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, l ater wr iters innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scott ish kin g of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by sever al subse quent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram , Dauvit Br oun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Colu im may hav e been a son of Owain Foel, British king of Strathclyde perhap s by a daug hter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.

In 1057 various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's han d , on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. Macbeth was succeed e d by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 Septem be r 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery", near Huntly on 2 3 A pril 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurate d o n 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.

«b»Malcolm and Ingibiorg«/b»
If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, one of Malcolm's earliest actio n s as king may have been to travel south to the court of Edward the Conf es sor in 1059 to arrange a marriage with Edward's kinswoman Margaret, wh o h ad arrived in England two years before from Hungary. If he did visi t th e English court, he was the first reigning king of Scots to do so i n mor e than eighty years. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it w as no t kept, and this may explain the Scots invasion of Northumbria in 1 061 wh en Lindisfarne was plundered. Equally, Malcolm's raids in Northumb ria ma y have been related to the disputed "Kingdom of the Cumbrians", re establi shed by Earl Siward in 1054, which was under Malcolm's control b y 1070.

The Orkneyinga saga reports that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn S i gurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson. Although Ingibiorg i s g enerally assumed to have died shortly before 1070, it is possible tha t sh e died much earlier, around 1058. The Orkneyinga Saga records that M alcol m and Ingibiorg had a son, Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), wh o wa s later king. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malme sbury , claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propagand a refl ecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermin e the cla ims of Duncan's descendants, the Meic Uilleim. Malcolm's son Do mnall, who se death is reported in 1085, is not mentioned by the author o f the Orkne yinga Saga. He is assumed to have been born to Ingibiorg.

Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg secured him peace in the north and wes t . The Heimskringla tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Ha ra ld Hardraade and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Ear l b y Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another reco mmen dation for the match. Malcolm enjoyed a peaceful relationship with t he Ea rldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his stepsons, Paul and Erlend Tho rfinns son. The Orkneyinga Saga reports strife with Norway but this is pr obabl y misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who becam e king o f Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.

«b»Malcolm and Margaret«/b»
Although he had given sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbria n s drove him out, Malcolm was not directly involved in the ill-fated inv as ion of England by Harald Hardraade and Tostig in 1066, which ended i n def eat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1068, he grante d asylu m to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy , among th em Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the E xile, and h er children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cris tina. They w ere accompanied by Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. The exile s were disapp ointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistanc e from the Scots .

In 1069 the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in t h e north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by t h e end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsso n se emed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decide d o n war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines , wast ing Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot , to Wear mouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invite d to retur n with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off w ith a larg e Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. In reprisal, William s ent Gospatr ic to raid Scotland through Cumbria. In return, the Scots fle et raided th e Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were conc entrated. Lat e in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a Europe an exile, Edga r and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to r emain. By the e nd of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret o f Wessex, the fu ture Saint Margaret of Scotland.

The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Sc o ts regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Mar ga ret's sons Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her gr and father Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred t he U nready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her broth er, b riefly the elected king, Edgar Ætheling was unlikely to be missed i n Engl and, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secur e. Whet her the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexan der I o f Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Gre at) an d the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represente d a rec ognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, o r was du e to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal name another Edmund ha d precede d Edgar is not known. Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters , Edith, wh o married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace I II of Boulog ne.

In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position aga i n secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malc ol m met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chroni cl e "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostag e an d arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting the overlordsh ip o f the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had don e so w ithout result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with th e Engli sh king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which le d to furt her trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Wa lcher at G ateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose nort h with an arm y while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcol m again made pe ace, and this time kept it for over a decade.

Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exceptio n o f Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the Anglo-Saxo n Ch ronicle contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:

Malcholom [Máel Coluim] seized the mother of Mælslæhtan [Máel Snechtai ] . .. and all his treasures, and his cattle; and he himself escaped wit h dif ficulty.

Whatever provoked this strife, Máel Snechtai survived until 1085.

«b»Malcolm and William Rufus«/b»
When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malc o lm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthos e w hich followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's la nd s in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marche d s outh, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcast le , built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attem p t to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees . T he threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, wh er e he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of Will ia m Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English fol low ed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was ar rang ed by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again ackno wledg ed the overlordship of the English king.

In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Sco t s controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that Willia m Ru fus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasant s in th e surrounds was the cause. It is unlikely that Malcolm controlle d Cumbria , and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malc olm by Wil liam Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visitin g England. Ma lcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William R ufus agreed t o a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stoppin g at Wilton Ab bey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina . Malcolm arriv ed there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus ref used to negotiat e, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English b arons. This Malco lm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotl and.

It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war, but , a s the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports, war came:

For this reason therefore they parted with great dissatisfaction, and t h e King Malcolm returned to Scotland. And soon after he came home, he ga th ered his army, and came harrowing into England with more hostility tha n b ehoved him ....
Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probab l e heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar. Even by the standards o f th e time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.

«b»Death«/b»
While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, E a rl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 No ve mber 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Cas tle . The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick. Edward was mort all y wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after re ceiv ing the news of their deaths from Edgar. The Annals of Ulster say:

Mael Coluim son of Donnchad, over-king of Scotland, and Edward his son , w ere killed by the French [i.e. Normans] in Inber Alda in England. Hi s que en, Margaret, moreover, died of sorrow for him within nine days.

Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's bo d y was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Du nf ermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.

On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margare t b y Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed i n a r eliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to th e hig h altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too h eavy t o move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, an d burie d next to Margaret beside the altar.

«b»Issue«/b»
Malcolm and Ingibiorg had three sons:

1.) Duncan II of Scotland, succeeded his father as King of Scotland

2.) Donald, died ca.1094

3.) Malcolm, died ca.1085

Malcolm and Margaret had eight children, six sons and two daughters:

1.) Edward, killed 1093

2.) Edmund of Scotland

3.) Ethelred, abbot of Dunkeld

4.) King Edgar of Scotland

5.) King Alexander I of Scotland

6.) King David I of Scotland

7.) Edith of Scotland, also called Matilda, married King Henry I of Engl a nd

8.) Mary of Scotland, married Eustace III of Boulogne

«b»Depictions in fiction«/b»
Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare's Macbeth as Malcolm. He is the s o n of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the secon d s cene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tel ls t hem how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Du nca n decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. The n h e later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the forme r Than e of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on hi s victory . He later appears in Macbeth's castle as a guest. When his fat her is kil led he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. H e later make s an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff abou t Macbeth and w hat to do. They both decide to start a war against him. I n Act 5.4 he i s seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the t roops to hide b ehind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. I n Act 5.8 he watch es the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siwar d and Ross. When even tually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as kin g.

The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of thr e e historical novels: A Goodly Pearl (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, and Mal co lm Canmore's Pearl (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay, and Sing, Morning Star b y J ane Oliver (1949). They focus on court life in Dunfermline, and the M arga ret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter tw o nov els cover events to 1093, ending with Malcolm's death.

Canmore appears in the third and fourth episodes of the four-part seri e s "City of Stone" in Disney's Gargoyles, as an antagonist of Macbeth. A ft er witnessing his father Duncan's death, the young Canmore swears reve ng e on both Macbeth and his gargoyle ally, Demona. After reaching adulth ood , he overthrows Macbeth with English allies. Canmore is also the ance sto r of the Hunters, a family of vigilantes who hunt Demona through th e cent uries. Canmore was voiced in the series by J.D. Daniels as a boy a nd Nei l Dickson as an adult.

In The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II, Malcolm appears as the anti-hero of t h is 2009-written (by Noah Lukeman), and historically very inaccurate, su cc essor-play. Malcom, who has succeeded from MacBeth, and ruled well fo r te n years, is led by the witches down MacBeth's path to perdition kill ing h is brother Donalbain as well as MacDuff before finally being kille d by Fl eance (supposedly the ancestor of Stuart king James).

Máel married Margaret "The Saint" Ætheling, Queen of Scotland in 1068 in Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland. Margaret (daughter of Edward "the Exile" Wessex, Prince of England and Agatha von Brunswick) was born in 1043 in England; died on 16 Nov 1093 in Edinburgh Castle, Edinburghshire, Scotland; was buried in Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: L8M6-YW7
• Initiatory (LDS): 20 Feb 1895, LOGAN

Notes:

She was one of the fairest and most accomplished maidens in all Englan d . With her mother, her brother and her younger sister, she had taken re fu ge in Scotland during the Norman Conquest.



Saint Margaret of Scotland (c. 1045-16 November 1093), also known as Mar g aret of Wessex, was an English princess of the House of Wessex. Margar e t was sometimes called "The Pearl of Scotland". Born in exile in the Ki ng dom of Hungary, she was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the shortly reig ne d and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England. Margaret and her family r etu rned to the Kingdom of England in 1057, but fled to the Kingdom of Sc otla nd following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. In 1070 Margare t mar ried King Malcolm III of Scotland, becoming Queen of Scots.

She was a very pious Roman Catholic, and among many charitable works s h e established a ferry across the Firth of Forth in Scotland for pilgri m s travelling to St Andrews in Fife, which gave the towns of South Queen sf erry and North Queensferry their names. Margaret was the mother of thr e e kings of Scotland, or four, if Edmund of Scotland, who ruled with hi s u ncle, Donald III, is counted, and of a queen consort of England. Acco rdin g to the Vita S. Margaritae (Scotorum) Reginae (Life of St. Margaret , Que en (of the Scots)), attributed to Turgot of Durham, she died at Edi nburg h Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1093, merely days after receivin g th e news of her husband's death in battle. In 1250 Pope Innocent IV ca noniz ed her, and her remains were reinterred in a shrine in Dunfermlin e Abbe y in Fife, Scotland. Her relics were dispersed after the Scottis h Reforma tion and subsequently lost. Mary, Queen of Scots at one time ow ned her he ad, which was subsequently preserved by Jesuits in the Scottis h College , Douai, France, from where it was subsequently lost during th e French Re volution.

Early life
Margaret was the daughter of the English prince Edward the Exile, and gr a nddaughter of Edmund Ironside, king of England. After the Danish conque s t of England in 1016, King Canute the Great had the infant Edward exil e d to the continent. He was taken first to the court of the Swedish kin g , Olof Skötkonung, and then to Kiev. As an adult, he travelled to Hunga ry , where in 1046 he supported the successful bid of King Andrew I for t h e Hungarian crown. King Andrew I was then also known as "Andrew the Cat ho lic" for his extreme aversion to pagans and great loyalty to the Roma n Ca tholic Church. The provenance of Margaret's mother, Agatha, is dispu ted , but Margaret was born in Hungary c. 1045. Her brother Edgar the Æth elin g and sister Cristina were also born in Hungary around this time. Ma rgare t grew up in a very religious environment in the Hungarian court.

Return to England
Still a child, she came to England with the rest of her family when he r f ather, Edward the Exile, was recalled in 1057 as a possible successo r t o her great-uncle, the childless St. King Edward the Confessor. Wheth er f rom natural or sinister causes, her father died immediately after la nding , and Margaret continued to reside at the English court where her b rother , Edgar Ætheling, was considered a possible successor to the Engli sh thro ne. When Edward the Confessor died in January 1066, Harold Godwin son wa s selected as king, possibly because Edgar was considered too youn g. Afte r Harold's defeat at the Battle of Hastings later that year, Edga r was pr oclaimed King of England, but when the Normans advanced on Londo n, the Wi tenagemot presented Edgar to William the Conqueror, who took hi m to Norma ndy before returning him to England in 1068, when Edgar, Marga ret, Cristi na, and their mother Agatha fled north to Northumbria, Englan d.

Journey to Scotland
According to tradition, the widowed Agatha decided to leave Northumbri a , England with her children and return to the continent. However, a sto r m drove their ship north to the Kingdom of Scotland in 1068, where the y s ought the protection of King Malcolm III. The locus where it is belie ve d that they landed is known today as St Margaret's Hope, near the vill ag e of North Queensferry, Fife, Scotland. Margaret's arrival in Scotland , a fter the failed revolt of the Northumbrian earls, has been heavily ro mant icized, though Symeon of Durham implied that her first meeting of Ma lcol m III may not have been until 1070, after William the Conqueror's Ha rryin g of the North.

King Malcolm III was a widower with two sons, Donald and Duncan. He wou l d have been attracted to marrying one of the few remaining members of t h e Anglo-Saxon royal family. The marriage of Malcolm and Margaret occurr e d in 1070.

Subsequently, Malcolm executed several invasions of Northumberland to su p port the claim of his new brother-in-law Edgar and to increase his ow n po wer. These, however, had little effect save the devastation of the C ounty .

Progeny
Margaret and Malcolm had eight children, six sons and two daughters:

1.) Edward (c. 1071-13 November 1093), killed along with his father Malc o lm III in the Battle of Alnwick

2.) Edmund of Scotland (c.1071-post 1097)

3.) Ethelred of Scotland, Abbot of Dunkeld, Perth and Kinross, Scotland

4.) Edgar of Scotland (c.1074-11 January 1107), King of Scotland, regn a t 1097-1107

5.) Alexander I of Scotland (c.1078-23 April 1124), King of Scotland, re g nat 1107-24

6.) Edith of Scotland (c. 1080-1 May 1118), also named "Matilda", marri e d King Henry I of England, Queen Consort of England

7.) Mary of Scotland (1082-1116), married Eustace III of Boulogne

8.) David I of Scotland (c.1083-24 May 1153), King of Scotland, regnat 1 1 24-53

Piety
Margaret's biographer Turgot of Durham, Bishop of St. Andrew's, credit s h er with having a civilizing influence on her husband Malcolm by readi ng h im narratives from the Bible. She instigated religious reform, striv ing t o conform the worship and practices of the Church in Scotland to th ose o f Rome. This she did on the inspiration and with the guidance of La nfranc , a future Archbishop of Canterbury. She also worked to conform th e pract ices of the Scottish Church to those of the continental Church, w hich sh e experienced in her childhood. Due to these achievements, she wa s consid ered an exemplar of the "just ruler", and moreover influenced he r husban d and children, especially her youngest son, the future King Dav id I of S cotland, to be just and holy rulers.

"The chroniclers all agree in depicting Queen Margaret as a strong, pur e , noble character, who had very great influence over her husband, and t hr ough him over Scottish history, especially in its ecclesiastical aspec ts . Her religion, which was genuine and intense, was of the newest Roma n st yle; and to her are attributed a number of reforms by which the Chur ch i n Scotland was considerably modified from the insular and primitiv e typ e which down to her time it had exhibited. Among those expressly me ntione d are a change in the manner of observing Lent, which thenceforwar d bega n as elsewhere on Ash Wednesday and not as previously on the follo wing Mo nday, and the abolition of the old practice of observing Saturda y (Sabbat h), not Sunday, as the day of rest from labour." The later edit ions of th e Encyclopædia Britannica, however, as an example, the Elevent h Edition , remove Skene's opinion that Scottish Catholics formerly reste d from wor k on Saturday, something for which there is no historical evid ence. Skene 's Celtic Scotland, vol. ii, chap. 8, pp. 348-350, quotes fro m a contempo rary document regarding Margaret's life, but his source say s nothing at a ll of Saturday Sabbath observance, but rather says St. Mar garet exhorte d the Scots to cease their tendency "to neglect the due obs ervance of th e Lord's day."

She attended to charitable works, serving orphans and the poor every d a y before she ate and washing the feet of the poor in imitation of Chris t . She rose at midnight every night to attend the liturgy. She successfu ll y invited the Benedictine Order to establish a monastery in Dunfermlin e , Fife in 1072, and established ferries at Queensferry and North Berwi c k to assist pilgrims journeying from south of the Firth of Forth to St . A ndrew's in Fife. She used a cave on the banks of the Tower Burn in Du nfer mline as a place of devotion and prayer. St. Margaret's Cave, now co vere d beneath a municipal car park, is open to the public. Among other d eeds , Margaret also instigated the restoration of Iona Abbey in Scotland . Sh e is also known to have interceded for the release of fellow Englis h exil es who had been forced into serfdom by the Norman conquest of Engl and.

Margaret was as pious privately as she was publicly. She spent much of h e r time in prayer, devotional reading, and ecclesiastical embroidery. Th i s apparently had considerable effect on the more uncouth Malcolm, who w a s illiterate: he so admired her piety that he had her books decorate d i n gold and silver. One of these, a pocket gospel book with portrait s of t he Evangelists, is in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England.

Malcolm was apparently largely ignorant of the long-term effects of Marg a ret's endeavours, not being especially religious himself. He was conte n t for her to pursue her reforms as she desired, which was a testamen t t o the strength of and affection in their marriage.

Death
Her husband Malcolm III, and their eldest son Edward, were killed in t h e Battle of Alnwick against the English on 13 November 1093. Her son Ed ga r was left with the task of informing his mother of their deaths. Marg are t was not yet 50 years old, but a life of constant austerity and fast in g had taken their toll. Already ill, Margaret died on 16 November 1093 , t hree days after the deaths of her husband and eldest son. She was bur ie d before the high altar in Dunfermline Abbey in Fife, Scotland. In 125 0 , the year of her canonization, her body and that of her husband were e xh umed and placed in a new shrine in the Abbey. In 1560 Mary Queen of Sc ot s had Margaret's head removed to Edinburgh Castle as a relic to assis t he r in childbirth. In 1597 Margaret's head ended up with the Jesuits a t th e Scottish College, Douai, France, but was lost during the French Re volut ion. King Philip of Spain had the other remains of Margaret and Mal colm I II transferred to the Escorial palace in Madrid, Spain, but thei r presen t location has not been discovered.

Veneration

Canonization and feast day
Pope Innocent IV canonized St. Margaret in 1250 in recognition of her pe r sonal holiness, fidelity to the Roman Catholic Church, work for ecclesi as tical reform, and charity. On 19 June 1250, after her canonisation, he r r emains were transferred to a chapel in the eastern apse of Dunfermlin e Ab bey in Fife, Scotland. In 1693 Pope Innocent XII moved her feast da y to 1 0 June in recognition of the birthdate of the son of James VII o f Scotlan d and II of England. In the revision of the General Roman Calen dar in 196 9, 16 November became free and the Church transferred her feas t day to 1 6 November, the date of her death, on which it always had bee n observed i n Scotland. However, some traditionalist Catholics continu e to celebrat e her feast day on 10 June.

She is also venerated as a saint in the Anglican Church.

Institutions bearing her name
Several churches throughout the world are dedicated in honour of St Marg a ret. One of the oldest is St Margaret's Chapel in Edinburgh Castle in E di nburgh, Scotland, which her son King David I founded. The Chapel was l on g thought to have been the oratory of Margaret herself, but is now tho ugh t to have been established in the 12th century. The oldest edifice i n Edi nburgh, it was restored in the 19th century and refurbished in th e 1990s . Numerous other institutions are named for her as well.

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: 9CS3-646
• Initiatory (LDS): 8 Jun 1877, SGEOR

Henry married Sybilla Corbet about 1094. Sybilla (daughter of Robert de Conteville, Count of Mortain and Matilda de Montgomery) was born in 1077 in Alcester, Warwickshire, England; died after 1157 in Alcester, Warwickshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: L825-5W4
• Initiatory (LDS): 4 May 1928

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: K8D7-F5D
• Initiatory (LDS): 1 Jun 1933, SLAKE

Notes:

Reign: 1034-1040

He was the first general ruler of Scotland, and Marmoar of Moray. He w a s slain by MacBeth.


Donnchad mac Crinain (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Crìonain;[2] anglicis e d as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick "; [3] ca. 1001 – 14 August 1040)[1] was king of Scotland (Alba) from 103 4 t o 1040. He is the historical basis of the "King Duncan" in Shakespear e' s play Macbeth.

He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethoc, daugh t er of king Malcolm II of Scotland (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda).

Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Dunc a n appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcol m a s king after the latter's death on 25 November 1034, without apparen t opp osition. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or tánai se a s the succession appears to have been uneventful.[4] Earlier histori es, f ollowing John of Fordun, supposed that Duncan had been king of Stra thclyd e in his grandfather's lifetime, between 1018 and 1034, ruling th e forme r Kingdom of Strathclyde as an appanage. Modern historians discou nt thi s idea.[5]

An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CK-I ) , gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen.[6] Whatever his wife's na m e may have been, Duncan had at least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm II I (M áel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093, the second Don ald I II (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, E arl o f Atholl is a possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncert ain.[7 ]

The early period of Duncan's reign was apparently uneventful, perhap s a c onsequence of his youth. Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) is reco rded a s having been his dux, today rendered as "duke" and meaning nothin g mor e than the rank between prince and marquess, but then still havin g the Ro man meaning of "war leader". In context — "dukes of Francia" ha d half a c entury before replaced the Carolingian kings of the Franks an d in Englan d the over-mighty Godwin of Wessex was called a dux — this su ggests tha t Macbeth may have been the power behind the throne.[8]

In 1039, Duncan led a large Scots army south to besiege Durham, but th e e xpedition ended in disaster. Duncan survived, but the following yea r he l ed an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a pun itive e xpedition against Moray.[9] There he was killed in action, at Bot hganowan , now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth , probabl y on 14 August 1040.[10] He is thought to have been buried at E lgin[11] b efore later relocated to the Isle of Iona.

Donnchad married Suthen in 1030 in Scotland. Suthen was born about 1014 in Northumberland, England; died in 1040 in Isle of Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: KN4J-P1M
• Initiatory (LDS): 4 Jan 1940, LOGAN

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LDZ2-8G7
• Initiatory (LDS): 21 Dec 1932, SGEOR

Edward married Agatha von Brunswick about 1035 in London, Middlesex, England. Agatha was born about 1018 in Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Deutschland; died on 19 Apr 1100 in Wessex. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LY6V-8G3
• Initiatory (LDS): 2 Jun 1933, SLAKE

Notes:

Probably the daughter of Stephen, King of Hungary

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: 9H17-VTZ
• Initiatory (LDS): 7 Feb 1884, SGEOR

Notes:

William of the House of Normandy; The first Norman King; On 28 Se p 1 0 6 6 William secured the sanction of Pope Alexander II for a Norma n inva si o n of England. By 1070 the Norman conquest of England was comp lete. W il li am introduced the Continental system of feudalism; by the O ath of S ali sbu ry of 1086 all landlords swore allegiance to William, th us establ ishi ng t he precedent that a vassal's loyalty to the king over rode his f ealt y to h is immediate lord. During a campaigna gainst Kin g Philip I o f Fran ce, Wil liam fell from a horse and was fatally injure d. William wa s the i llegitim ate son of Robert I, duke of Normandy an d Arletta, a tan ner's da ughter. He is sometimes called, William the Bas tard. 7th Duke o f Norman dy. Dea th locality also given as S-Infr, Franc e.

William married Matilda Flanders, Queen of England in 1050 in Angi Castle, Normandie, République française. Matilda (daughter of Baldwin "The Bearded" Flanders, IV Count of Flanders and Adela Capet, Countess of Flanders) was born in 1032 in Flanders, België; died on 2 Nov 1083 in Caen, Calvados, Basse-Normandie, République française; was buried on 3 Nov 1083 in l'Abbaye aux Dames, Caen, Normandie, République française. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: LY57-55F
• Initiatory (LDS): 7 Aug 1878, SGEOR

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: 9H16-YMP
• Initiatory (LDS): 7 Jan 1931, ARIZO

Robert + Matilda de Montgomery. Matilda (daughter of Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and Mabel de Bellême) was born about 1062 in Montgomery, Montgomeryshire, Wales; died about 1085. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• FamilySearch ID: L82R-5HJ
• Initiatory (LDS): 10 Feb 1931